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TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS 

EDITED BY 

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SUPERINTENDENT OF HIGH SCHOOLS, CHICAGO 



OTHER BOTANICAL WORKS 

BY DR. JOHN M. COULTER. 



PLANT RELATIONS. 

A First Book of Botany. 
i2mo. Cloth, $1.10. 

PLANT STRUCTURES. 

A Second Book of Botany 
i2mo. Cloth, $1.20. 

PLANT STUDIES. 

An Elementary Botany. 
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PLANTS. 

A Text- Book of Botany. 
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D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

NEW YORK. 



TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS 



AN 



ANALYTICAL KEY 

TO SOME OF THE COMMON WILD 

AND CULTIVATED SPECIES OF 

FLOWERING PLANTS 



/ BY 

JOHN M. COULTER, A. M., Ph. D. 

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY IN 
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 




NEW YORK 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 

1900 



56099 

Library of Con.,-«, S | 
""WU CUPKS H£C£!vE0 

OCT 4 1900 



SECOND COPY. 

DeHvwfld to 

ORDER DIVISION, 

_0 CT 2B f':i I 



Copyright, 1900 
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 



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PREFACE 



One purpose of this little pamphlet is to enable the begin- 
ning student to discover the names of some of the most com- 
mon seed-plants likely to occur wild in his vicinity or in com- 
mon cultivation. Only those plants have been included which 
bloom in the spring or early summer, as such plants form the 
most usual and the easiest introduction to such work. 

The region covered is that of the standard manuals for the 
Northern States — viz., the district north of the northern 
boundaries of North Carolina and Tennessee and west to the 
100th meridian. This does not mean that many of the plants 
do not occur south and west of this area, so that contiguous 
States may use the Key to some extent. 

To select a few hundred plants from so large an area is to 
run the risk of omitting some of the most common or most 
available plants of some regions. Teachers are urged, there- 
fore, to send the names of additional plants which their experi- 
ence may have found useful, that they may be included in 
subsequent editions. It is also strongly urged upon every 
teacher to obtain for reference one or both of the standard 
manuals for the region, in order that the Key may be sup- 
plemented and a greater range of plants examined. 

As the Key contains only a small percentage of the plants 
of any region, it will be necessary for the teacher to select the 
forms, and not to attempt to name the plants indiscriminately. 
Unless this is done, the result will be confusion and disappoint- 



yi KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

ment. It should be clearly understood, also, that to obtain the 
names of plants is not the chief service to be rendered by the 
Key. It is intended to illustrate those structures of seed -plants 
which are used in their classification, and so lead to some con- 
ception of the principal groups. To learn to recognize a group 
of plants is far better than to remember the name of a species. 

It is taken for granted that the teacher knows how to use a 
simple key, directions for which are far more effectively given 
with a plant in hand than by any amount of printed text. It 
must also be taken for granted that the teacher is familiar with 
the common terms used in descriptions. Some of these are 
defined in the Key, and others will be found in any good dic- 
tionary. Only such are used as seem absolutely necessary. 

The two standard manuals for the region are Gray's Manual 
and Britton's Manual. In many cases these two manuals give 
different names to the same plant. As the Key is intended as 
an introduction to either of them, the names in both are given 
when they differ, the first being the name used in the older 
Gray's Manual, the second the name used in the more recent 
Britton's Manual. It will be noticed that sometimes the name 
of the genus differs, and sometimes only the name of the species. 

The order in which the families are given is known as the 
order of Engler and Prantl, and differs from that found in 
Gray's Manual. It begins with what are regarded as plants of 
lower rank and advances to the highest, and is thought to 
express natural relationships better than any order yet proposed. 

John M. Coulter. 

The University of Chicago, 

March, 1900. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



I. MONOCOTYLEDONS 

Parts of the flower usually in threes (never in fives) ; leaves 
mostly parallel- veined ; ours all herbs except Smilacece. 

1. Flowers usually with neither calyx nor corolla and massed upon 

a more or less fleshy axis (spadix) 

Marsh or aquatic plants, with linear leaves. 

Flowers in a dense cylindrical terminal spike .... Typhaeeae 5 

Flowers in globular heads Sparganiaceae 6 

Flowers in a cylindrical lateral spadix Araceae 7 

Terrestrial plants, with broad or compound leaves . . . Araceae 7 

2. Flowers with calyx and corolla alike (perianth) or different, not 

collected upon a spadix 

a. Ovary superior (appearing within the flower) 

Pistils numerous Alismaceae 6 

Pistil one. 

Perianth of similar divisions or lobes. 
Fruit a pod. 

Styles separate or only partly united . . . Melanthacea? 8 

Styles solitary tiliaceae 9 

Fruit a berry. 

Stems not climbing Convallariaceae 12 

Stems climbing by tendrils Smilaceae 14 

Perianth of 3 green sepals and 3 colored petals. 

Leaves broad, net-veined, whorled . . . Convallariaceae 12 
Leaves d arrow, parallel-veined, alternate . . Commelinaceae 8 

b. Ovary inferior (appearing below the flower) 

Stamens 3 • . Iridaceae 16 

Stamens 6 Amaryllidaceae 15 

Stamens 1 or 2 and massed with the style ; flowers very irregular 

Orcliidaceae 1? 
1 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



II. DICOTYLEDONS 

Parts of the flower usually in fives or fours ; leaves mostly 

net-veined. 

A. ARCHICHLAMYDE^ 

Corolla either wanting (apetalous) or of separate petals {polypetalous). 
1. Corolla wcmting, and sometimes the calyx also (naked) 

a. Flowers in aments (dense scaly spikes) ; trees or shrubs 

Leaves pinnately compound Juglandaceae 19 

Leaves simple. 

Calyx wanting. 

A single flower in the axil of each bract ; fruit a pod with numerous 

downy-tufted seeds Salicaceae 20 

Pistillate flowers 2 or 3 in the axil of each bract; fruit a winged or 

wingless nut Betulaceae 21 

Calyx present. 

Fruit a nut inclosed by a cup or involucre .... Fagaceae 22 
Spike of flowers becoming a pulpy aggregate fruit . . Moraceae 23 

b. Flowers not in aments 

* Shmtbs or trees 
Leaves opposite. 

Leaves palmately lobed; fruit in pairs and winged . . . Aceraceae 49 
Leaves pinnately compound; fruit winged at apex . . . Oleaceae 63 
Leaves alternate, simple. 

Fruit winged all around Ulmaceae 23 

Fruit berry-like. 

Anthers opening longitudinally ..... Tliymelaeaceae 54 
Anthers opening by uplifted valves L.auraceae 32 

** Herbs ; sepals sometimes petal-like 
Pistils more than one, separate or nearly so. 

Flowers naked and in spikes Saururaceae 19 

Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like . Raimnculaceae 28 

Pistil one. 

Ovary superior. 

Pod 5-celled and 5-beaked Crassulaceae 38 

Ovary 1-celled, becoming an akene .... Polygonaceae 24 
Ovary inferior, 6-celled Aristolocliiaceae 24 

2. Calyx and corolla both present, the latter of separate petals 
(polypetalous) 

a. Stamens more than 10 

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Leaves alternate. 
Pistils numerous. 

Leaves without stipules Anonaceae 27 

Leaves with stipules . Rosaceae 40 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 3 

Pistil one. 

Fruit a pod Tiliaceae 52 

Fruit fleshy. 

Ovary 1-celled; fruit a berry .... Berberidaceae 31 
Ovary 1 -ceiled; fruit a drupe (stone fruit) . . Drupacere 44 
Ovary 5-celled; fruit a pome (calyx fleshy) . . Pomacese 43 

Leaves opposite Saxifragaceae 38 

Herbs. 

Pistils several. 

Stamens on the receptacle Raimnculaceae 28 

Stamens on the calyx Rosaceae 40 

Pistil one. 

Stamens separate or in 2 sets. 

Sepals and petals colored alike .... Begoniaceae 54 
Sepals and petals unlike. 

Fruit a berry Berberidaceae 31 

Fruit a pod. 

Leaves entire Portnlacaceae 25 

Leaves compound or toothed. 

Sepals 2 Papaveraceae 33 

Sepals 4 Capparidaceae 37 

Stamens united into a column Malvaceae 52 

b. Stamens not more than 10 

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Fruit fleshy. 

Fruit a drupe (stone fruit) Cornaceae 58 

Fruit a berry. 

Stamens alternate with petals. 

Leaves simple Grossulariaceae 40 

Leaves compound Araliaceae 56 

Stamens opposite petals Vitaceae 51 

Fruit dry. 

Pod 3-celled Hippocastanaceae 50 

Pod 1-celled. 

Stamens separate Caesalpinaceae 44 

Stamens united in 1 or 2 sets Papilionaceae 45 

Herbs. 

Pistils more than one Crassulaceae 38 

Pistil one. 

Ovary 1-celled. 

Corolla regular or nearly so. 
Sepals 4 or 5. 

Leaves alternate . . ' . . . . Saxifragaceae 38 
Leaves opposite ..... Caryopliyllaceae 26 

Sepals 2 Portulacaceae 25 

Corolla irregular. 

Stamens 6 in 2 sets Papaveraceae 33 

Stamens 5 or 10. 

One petal with spur at base .... Violaceae 53 
Petals not spurred Papilionaceae 45 



4 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

Ovary 2- or 5-celled. 

Ovary superior (appearing within the flower). 

Ovary 2-celled Cruciferae 35 

Ovary 5-celled. 
Leaves simple. 

Parasitic plants, not green . . Monotropaceae 59 

Green plants. 

Flowers regular. 

Anthers opening by holes at the apex 

Pyrolaceae 58 

Anthers opening lengthwise . Geraniaceae 48 

Flowers irregular .... Balsaminaceae 50 

Leaves trifoliolate Oxalidaceae 49 

Ovary inferior (appearing below the flower). 

Fruit a berry Araliaceae 56 

Fruit dry. 

Fruit a 4 celled pod Onagraceae 55 

Fruit splitting into 1-seeded halves . . Umbelliferae 56 

B. SYMPETALiE 
Corolla with petals united (sympetalous), at least at base. 

1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla 

Ovary 1 -celled. 

Sepals 5 Papilionaceae 45 

Sepals 2 Papaveracese 33 

Ovary 3 to many-celled. 
Stamens separate. 
Style 1. 

Ovary superior Ericaceae 59 

Ovary inferior Vaeciniaceae 60 

Styles 5 , Oxalidaceae 49 

Stamens united into a column Malvaceae 52 

2. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla or fewer 

Stamens opposite the corolla lobes Primulaceae 61 

Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes, or fewer. 

a. Ovary superior (appearing within the flower) 
Corolla regular or nearly so. 

Stamens as many as the corolla lobes. 

Ovaries 2, separate Apocynaceae 64 

Ovary 1. 

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. 

Leaves alternate Poraginaceae 67 

Leaves opposite Pabiatae 69 

Ovary not deeply lobed. 
Ovary 1-celled. 

Fruit an akene; leaves entire . . Plantaginaceae 77 

Fruit a pod ; leaves toothed to compound 

Hydrophyllaceae 66 



KKY TO THE FAMILIES 5 

Ovary 2- to 10-celled. 

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so . Ericaceae 59 
Stamens on the corolla tube. 
Stamens 4. 

Pod opening by a lid . - . Plantaginaceae 77 

Pod not opening by a lid . . Verbenacea? 68 
Stamens 5. 

Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets . Boraginaceae 67 
Fruit a many-seeded pod or berry. 

Filaments not woolly . . . Solanaceoe 72 
Filaments or some of them woolly 

Scroplmlariaceae 74 
Fruit a few-seeded pod. 

Style 3-cleft .... Polemoniaceae 65 
Styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft Convolvulacese 64 
Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes. 

Stamens 4 . Yerbenaceae 68 

Stamens 2. 

Stems naked Plantaginacefe 77 

Stems leafy Scroplmlariaceae 74 

Corolla irregular. 

Ovules and seeds solitary in the cells. 

Ovary 4-lobed Labiatae 69 

Ovary not lobed Terbenaceae 68 

Ovules and seeds 2 or more in each cell. 

Trees or woody vines Bignoniaceae 77 

Herbs Scroplmlariaceae 74 

b. Ovary inferior (appearing below the flower) 

Tendril-bearing herbs Cucurbitaceae 81 

Not tendril-bearing. 

Flowers not in an involucrate head. 

Leaves alternate Campanulaceae 83 

Leaves opposite. 

Leaves with stipules Rubiaceae 78 

Leaves without stipules Caprifoliaceae 79 

Flowers in an involucrate head. 

All the flowers with strap-shaped corollas . . . Cicboriaceae 84 
All but the ray flowers (and sometimes those) with tubular corollas 

Compositae 84 

I. TYPHACEiE (Cat-tail Family) 

Marsh or water herbs, with nerved and linear leaves, naked 
staminate and pistillate flowers in a compact cylindrical ter- 
minal spike, and a 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded, nut-like 
fruit. 

1. TYPHA (Cat-tail Flag) 

Tall herbs, with large grass-like leaves sheathing the base of the simple stem, 
which is terminated by a long and very dense cylindrical spike of flowers, the 



Q KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

upper part staminate and wilting, the lower part pistillate, more compact, and 
persistent. 

1. Typha latifdlia. Stems 4-6 ft. high, the leaves (] to 1 in. broad) rising 
higher; staminate and pistillate parts of the spike contiguous. (See Plant Struc- 
tures, p. 239, Fig. 221.) In marshes or on the borders of ponds and lakes. 



II. SPARGANIACEiE (Bur-eeed Family) 

Like Typhacece, but flowers in globular heads and with 
leaf -like bracts. 

1. SPARGANIUM (Bur-reed) 

Marsh or water herbs, with grass-like leaves sheathing the base of the stem, 
which branches above and bears scattered globular heads of flowers, the upper 
heads staminate, the lower larger and pistillate. 

1. Spargani am eurycarpum, Stems 2 to 4 ft. high ; fruit heads 1 in. 
broad, the fruit sessile, with the broad and depressed top abruptly tipped in the 
center. Borders of ditches, ponds, streams, etc. 



III. ALISMACEiE (Water-plantain Family) 

Marsh or water herbs, with a basal cluster of ribbed, long- 
petioled leaves, naked branching stems, 3 green sepals, 3 white 
(sometimes pinkish) petals, 6 or more stamens, and numerous 
distinct ovaries becoming akenes. 

1. Alisma. Flowers perfect ; stamens 6 ; carpels in one circle. 

2. Sagittaria. Staminate and pistillate flowers separate ; stamens rarely 
few ; carpels in dense heads. 

1. ALISMA (Water-plantaix) 

Herbs with ovate to lanceolate leaves mostly rounded or heart-shaped at base, 
loose cluster of numerous small perfect flowers, usually 6 stamens, and numerous 
pistils in a circle. 

1. Alisma Plantago or Alisma Plantago-aquatica. Branching stem 
1-2 ft. long ; leaves 3-9-ribbed, with cross veinlets ; fruit in a flat cluster, obliquely 
obovate, keeled on the back. Ditches, shallow water, etc. 

2. SAGITTARIA (Arrowhead) 

Herbs with arrow-shaped leaves, flowers in whorls of 3, the lower ones pistil- 
late (with numerous pistils), the upper ones staminate (with numerous stamens), 
the flat and winged fruits forming dense globular heads. (See Plant Relations, 
p. 186, Fig. 163.) 

1. Sagittaria variabilis or Sagittaria latifdlia. Stem i to 4 ft. high ; 
leaves exceedingly variable in shape ; fruit obovate, with a long beak. In water 
or wet places. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



IV. ARACEiE (Arum Family) 

Herbs, with acrid or pungent juice, thick or tuberous root- 
stocks, simple or compound leaves, small flowers crowded on a 
fleshy stalk {spadix), which is usually surrounded by a very 
large more or less showy bract (spathe), 4-6 sepals or none, no 
petals, and fruit usually a berry. (See Plant Structures, 
p. 243.) 

* Spathe surrounding the spadix. 

1. Arisaema. Flowers covering only the base of the cylindrical spadix ; 
leaves compound. 

2. Kicliardia. Flowers completely covering the cylindrical spadix ; leaves 
arrow-shaped. 

3. Symplocarpus. Flowers completely covering the globular spadix, which 
is surrounded by a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. 

* * Spadix not surrounded by a spathe, but arising from the side of a 2-edged 
leaf -like stem. 

4. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical. 

1. ARISifeMA 

Low herbs with a simple naked stem sheathed at base by the petioles of the 1 
or 2 palmately compound and veiny leaves, a conspicuous spathe arched above 
and inclosing the spadix, which is elongated and naked above and bearing at its 
base small naked flowers, the upper consisting of a cluster of nearly sessile 
anthers, the lower of a single ovary. 

1. Ariseema triphyllum (Indian Turnip. Jack-in-the-Pulpit). Leaves . 
mostly 2, of 3 ovate-pointed leaflets ; spaclix thicker above, obtuse, shorter than 
the spathe, which is often variegated with white or purple, and hooded and 
pointed at summit. Rich woods. The turnip-shaped and wrinkled rootstock is 
intensely acrid. (See Plant Structures, p. 244, Fig. 225.) 

2. Ariseema Dracontiuni (Green Dragon). Leaf usually solitary, pal- 
mately divided into 7-11 oblong lanceolate leaflets ; spadix tapering into a long 
and slender tip which extends beyond the greenish tube-like and pointed spathe. 
Low ground. 

2. RICHARDIA 

Herbs with a basal cluster of large arrow-shaped leaves, a broad spathe 
spreading above and surrounding the slender spadix, which is densely covered 
above with naked staminate flowers, and below with ovaries. 

1. Kicliardia Africana (Calla Lily). Leaves glossy green and broad ; 
spathes large and pure white. A native of South Africa and very common in cul- 
tivation. 

3. SYMPLOCARPUS or SPATHYEMA (Skunk Cabbage) 

Herbs with a strong odor, a basal cluster of very large and broad entire veiny 
leaves preceded in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes which barely rise 



8 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

out of the ground, are shell-like and very thick, and inclose a globular spadix 
densely covered with flowers consisting of 4 sepals, 4 stamens, and 1 ovary. 

1. Sym pi o carpus ftietidus or Spathyema fcetida. Leaves heart-shaped, 
short-petioled, becoming 1-2 ft. long ; spathe variegated with purple and yellowish 
green ; fruit a globular or oval mass 2-3 in. broad. Wet ground and bogs. 

4. ACORUS (Sweet Flag. Calamus) 

Herbs with aromatic rootstocks, 2-edged sword-like leaves, and 2-edged simple 
stems bearing on one edge the cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered with 
flowers containing 6 sepals, 6 stamens, and a solitary 2-3-celled ovary. 

1. Acorus Calamus. Stem leaf -like and prolonged far beyond the spadix. 
Margins of streams, swamps, etc. (See Plant Structures, p. 219, Fig. 197.) 



V. COMMELINACEiE (Spiderwort Family) 

Herbs with jointed and leafy stems, leaves flat and sheath- 
ing at base, 3 green sepals, 3 ephemeral petals, 6 stamens, a 
single style, and a superior 2- or 3-celled ovary becoming a pod. 

1. TRADESCANTIA (Spiderwort) 

Upright and nearly simple plants, with narrow leaves, blue flowers usually in 
terminal umbels, and blue-bearded filaments. 

1. Tradescantia Virginiana. Smooth or somewhat hairy, often tall and 
slender ; leaves lance-linear, tapering from base to tip. Rich ground. This rep- 
resents a group of species rather than a single one. 



VI. MELANTHACEiE (Bellwort Family) 

Like the Liliacece, but with rootstocks (instead of tubers), 
leaves always alternate, 6 stamens on the base of the perianth, 
and 3 styles (sometimes united at base). 

1. Uvularia. Leaves perfoliate ; perianth segments acuminate ; pod flat 
on top. 

2. Oakesia. Leaves sessile ; perianth segments not acuminate ; pod acutish. 

1. UVULARIA (Bellwort) 

Herbs, with short rootstocks, rather low stems naked below and forking 
above, oblong and perfoliate leaves with smooth margins, yellowish drooping 
flowers solitary on terminal peduncles, narrowly bell- shaped perianth of separate 
spatulate and pointed divisions, much shorter stamens with long anthers, and a 
blunt 3-lobed pod. 

1. Uvularia perfoliata. Glaucous throughout, £-1$ ft. high, with 1-3 leaves 
below the fork ; leaves glabrous ; perianth granular-pubescent within ; stamens 
shorter than the styles, pointed at tip. Rich woods. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 9 

2. Uvularia grandifldra. Not glaucous ; stem naked below the fork or 
with a single leaf ; leaves whitish-pubescent beneath ; perianth smooth within ; 
stamens longer than the styles, obtuse at tip. Rich woods. 

2. OAKESIA 

Like Uvula via, but rootstock slender, stem acutely angled, leaves sessile and 
clasping and with scabrous margins, 1 or 2 terminal flowers (soon appearing oppo- 
site the leaves), obtuse or acutish perianth divisions, and a pod acutish at each 
end, 3-angled and acutely winged. 

1. Oakesia sessilifolia or Uvular ia sessilifdlia. Leaves lance-oblong, 
acute at each end, pale beneath, sessile or partly clasping ; anthers obtuse ; pod 
short- stalked. Low woods. 



VII. LILIACEiE (Lily Family) 

Herbs mostly from bulbs, with parallel-veined leaves, regu- 
lar flowers, perianth of 6 divisions, 6 stamens on the receptacle 
or perianth tube, a single undivided style (sessile stigmas in 
Tidipa), and a superior 3-celled ovary becoming a pod. (See 
Plant Structures, p. 245.) 

* Bulbous plants. 

-e- Stems leafy, especially above. 

1. Lilium. Flower bell-shaped or funnel-form, the divisions spreading or 
recurved above. 

-s- +■ Stem 1- or 2-leaved at or toward the base, naked above. 

2. Tulipa. Stem 1- or 2-leaved above the ground and bearing an erect large 
flower. 

3. Erytlironium. Stem 2-leaved from the ground and bearing a nodding 
flower. 

+- +- +■ Stem naked ; leaves linear or nearly so. 

++ Flowers in umbels. 

4. Allium. Umbel of flowers from a 1- or 2-leaved scarious sheath ; onion- 
scented. 

■h- ++ Flowers in racemes or spikes. 

5. Ornitliogalum. Perianth parted to the base ; flowers white. 

6. Cainassia. Perianth parted to the base ; flowers blue. 

7. Hyacinthus. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-cleft, with spreading lobes. 

* * Plants with tuberous rootstocks or fibrous roots ; basal leaves often in 
large clumps. 

8. Hemerocallis. Flowers yellow ; leaves grass-like. 

9. Funkia. Flowers blue or white ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, net-veined 
between the ribs. 



IQ KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. LILIUM (Lily) 

Herbs with scaly bulbs, simple stems, numerous scattered or whorled narrow 
sessile leaves, one to several large showy flowers, funnel-form or bell-shaped col- 
ored perianth with separate spreading or recurved divisions, and long filaments 
and style. 

* Flowers white. 

i 

1. Eilium candidum (Common White Lily). Stem 2-3 ft. high, with numer- 
ous scattered, mostly linear leaves ; flowers bell-shaped, few to many, 2-3 in. long. 
Cultivated from the Old World. (See Plant Structures, p. 221, Fig. 201.) 

* * Flowers nodding, orange-red, and black-spotted inside ; leaves scattered. 

2. L-ilium tigrinum (Tiger Lily). Stem 4-5 ft. high, with lanceolate leaves 
bearing bulblets in their axils ; flowers numerous and mostly nodding, open fun- 
nel-shaped, the perianth divisions rolled back. Cultivated from China and Japan. 

* * * Flowers erect, orange-red, and purple-spotted inside ; leaves in whorls. 

3. Eilium PliiladSlpliicuin (Wild Lily). Stem 1-2 ft. high, with lanceo- 
late or linear leaves, mostly in whorls of 5-8 ; flowers 1-3, open bell-shaped, the 
sepals widely separate and with slender stalks. Dry or sandy ground. 

2. TULIPA (Tulip) 

Low bulbous herbs, with basal cluster of few leaves, a simple naked stem 
bearing a single large erect flower, bell-shaped perianth of separate broad divi- 
sions which are neither recurved nor spreading, and 3 short sessile stigmas. 

1. Tulipa Gesneriana (Common Tulip). Leaves 3-6, broad ; flower mostly 
in shades of red and yellow, the perianth segments very obtuse. Cultivated from 
Asia Minor. 

3. ERYTHRONIUM (Dog-tooth Violet) 

Low herbs, with a deep bulb, 2 smooth and shining flat elliptical or lanceolate 
leaves sheathing the base of the naked stem, which bears a single nodding flower, 
perianth of 6 separate and recurved or spreading divisions, and a long style. 

1. Erythrdnium Americanum (Yellow Adder-tongue). Leaves purple 
and white-spotted ; flowers light yellow. Rich ground. (See Plant Relations, p. 
144, Fig. 144 ; or Plant Structures, p. 250, Fig. 231.) 

2. Erythrdnium albidurn (White Dog-tooth Violet). Leaves less or not 
at all spotted ; flowers pinkish-wmite. Rich ground. 

4. ALLIUM (Onion. Garlic) 

Strong-scented herbs, with coated bulb, basal cluster of leaves, naked stem 
bearing a terminal umbel of small flowers, colored perianth of distinct (or nearly 
so) divisions, and a 3-lobed pod. 

1. Allium tricoccum (Wild Leek). Stem 4-12 in. high, from clustered 
bulbs, bearing an erect umbel of numerous greenish -white flowers; leaves 2 or 3, 
elliptic-lanceolate, 5-9 in. long, appearing in early spring and dying before the 
flowers appear. Rich woods. 

2. Allium c£rnuum (Wild Onion). Stem h-2 ft. high, from clustered bulbs, 
bearing a loose nodding umbel of few to many rose-colored flowers; leaves linear, 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES H 

flattened and sharply keeled, 1 ft. long; sepals oblong-ovate, acute, shorter than 
the stamens. 

3. Allium Caiiad6nse (Wild Garlic). Stem 1 ft. high or more, from a soli- 
tary fibrous- coated bulb, bearing a densely bulbiferous or few-flowered umbel; 
leaves narrowly linear; sepals narrowly lanceolate, obtusish, equaling or exceed- 
ing the stamens. Moist meadows. 

5. ORNITHOGALUM (Star-of-Bethlehem) 

Low bulbous herbs, with basal cluster of linear leaves, naked stem bearing a 
spreading cluster of white flowers, and perianth with spreading divisions. 

1. Ornitliogaluni umbellatum. Stem 4-9 in. high; flowers 5-8 on long 
and spreading pedicels; sepals green in the middle on the outside. Cultivated 
from Europe, and often escaped. (See Plant Structures, p. 247, Fig. 228.) 

6. CAMASSIA or QUAMASIA 

Bulbous herbs with basal cluster of linear leaves, simple naked stem bearing 
a raceme of pale blue flowers, perianth of 6 spreading divisions, a long and slen- 
der style, and a 3- angled ovary. 

1. Cainassia Fraseri or Quamasia hyacintliiiia (Eastern Camass. 
Wild Hyacinth). Stem 1 ft. high or more; flowers with bracts longer than the 
pedicels, i-k in. long. Rich ground. 

7. HYACINTHUS (Hyacinth) 

Bulbous herbs with basal cluster of linear leaves, simple naked stem bearing 
a raceme of blue flowers, funnel-shaped or bell-shaped 6-cleft perianth with 
spreading lobes, and stamens inserted on the tube of the perianth. 

1. Hyacinthus orient alis. The common cultivated hyacinth from the 
Mediterranean region, made to vary greatly in color, and single or double. 

8. HEMEROCALLIS (Day Lily) 

Tall herbs, with fleshy-fibrous roots, long linear 2-ranked leaves at the base 
of the tall stem which bears at the summit several large yellow flowers, lily-like 
funnel-form perianth with short tube and spreading 6-parted limb, stamens with 
long slender filaments inserted on the tube, long slender style, and a 3-angled pod. 

1. Hemerocallis fulva. Flowers tawny orange, the inner perianth divi- 
sions wavy. Cultivated from Europe, and often escaped. 

9. FUNKIA 

Herbs with a basal cluster of large ovate-heart-shaped ribbed and petioled 
leaves, naked stem bearing a raceme of white or blue flowers, funnel-form 6-cleft 
perianth with lobes hardly spreading, stamens inserted on the tube, and an oblong 
prismatic pod. 

1. Funkia subcordata (White Day Lily). Flowers white and long, tubu- 
lar funnel-form. Cultivated from Japan and China. (See Plant Structures, p. 
248, Fig. 229.) 

2 



12 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

VIII. CONVALLARIACEiE (Lily-of-the-V alley 

Family) 

Like the Liliacece, but with fibrous roots or thickened 
rootstocks, broad and often net-veined leaves, perianth divi- 
sions distinct or united, 1 or 3 styles, and fruit a berry. 

* Leaves parallel- veined, mostly alternate. 

-h Perianth of separate divisions ; stamens on the receptacle, or nearly so. 

1. Clintonia. Flowers in an umbel on a naked stem. 

2. Disporuiu. Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of leafy spreading 
branches. 

3. Smilacina. Flowers in terminal racemes on a leaf-bearing stem; perianth 
6-parted. 

4. Maiantheiiium. Flowers in racemes or a 2-leaved stem; perianth parts 
and stamens 4. 

■*- -t- Perianth bell-shaped or tubular; stamens on the tube. 

5. Convallaria. Flowers nodding in a 1-sided raceme; perianth bell-shaped. 

6. Polygonatuin. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves; perianth 
tubular. 

* * Leaves net-veined, all in one or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem. 

7. Trillium. Perianth of 3 green sepals and 3 colored petals. 

1. CLINTONIA 

Herbs with slender creeping rootstocks, a basal cluster of 2-4 large oblong 
or oval ciliate leaves sheathing the base of a naked stem bearing an umbel of 
rather large flowers, a bell-shaped perianth of separate divisions, stamens inserted 
at their base, and an undivided style. 

1. Clintonia borealis. Stem and leaves 5-8 in. long; umbel 3-6-flowered; 
flowers greenish yellow, i-i in. long; berry blue. Cold moist woods. 

2. Clintonia umbellata. Flowers half as large as in the last, white with 
green or purplish dots; umbel many-flowered; berry black. Rich woods. 

2. DISPORUM 

Low downy herbs, with creeping rootstocks, erect leafy stems branched 
above, sessile ovate thin and transversely veined leaves, slender terminal pedun- 
cles bearing one or two greenish-yellow drooping flowers, a narrowly bell-shaped 
perianth with narrow divisions, long and slender filaments, an undivided style, 
and a red and pointed berry. 

1. Disporum lanuginosum. Leaves taper-pointed, downy beneath; peri- 
anth £ in. long, soon spreading. Rich woods. • 

3. SMILACINA or VAGNERA (False Solomon's Seal) 

Herbs with simple leafy stems from thick or rather slender rootstocks, alter- 
nate veiny leaves which are sessile or nearly so, a terminal cluster of white flowers, 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 13 

a 6-parted spreading perianth, an undivided short thick style, and a globular 
berry. 

1. Smilacina racemdsa or V&gnera racemdsa. Minutely downy, 1-3 ft. 
high; leaves numerous, oblong to lanceolate, abruptly somewhat petioled; flowers 
T \j in. long, on very short pedicels in a compound cluster; berries pale red with 
purple spots. Moist woods and thickets. 

2. Smilacina stellata or Vagnera stellata. Nearly glabrous, 1 ft. high 
or less; leaves 7-12, oblong-lanceolate, slightly clasping; flowers £-i in. long, on 
solitary pedicels in a simple few-flowered cluster; berries blackish. Moist ground. 

4. MAIANTHEMUM or UNIFOLIUM 

Like Smilacina, but stem low, with 2 or 3 cordate leaves, flowers in a small 
simple cluster, each consisting of a 4-parted perianth, 4 stamens, and a 2- celled 
ovary. 

1. Maiantheiimm Canadense or Unifdlium Canadense. Pubescent or 
glabrous, 3-5 in. high; leaves lanceolate to ovate, sessile or nearly so. Moist 
w r oods. 

5. CONVALLARIA (Lily of the Valley) 

Low r glabrous herbs, with slender rootstocks, 2 oblong basal leaves whose long 
sheathing petioles inwrap one another and appear stalk-like, a naked angled 
stem bearing a one-sided cluster of wiiite and sweet-scented nodding flowers, a 
bell-shaped and 6-lobed perianth (lobes recurved), stamens included and inserted 
on the base of the perianth, a stout undivided style, and a red berry. 

1. Coirvallaria uiajalis. Very commonly cultivated, and native in the 
southern Alleghanies. 

6. POLYGONATUM (Solomon's Seal) 

Herbs, with thick and knotted rootstocks, simple erect or curving stems 
which are naked below and bear above alternate sessile or half-clasping veiny 
leaves, axillary nodding greenish flowers, a cylindrical perianth 6-lobed at sum- 
mit, stamens inserted on the perianth tube, a single style, and a globular berry. 

1. Polygonatum bifldrum. Smooth except the oblong, nearly sessile 
leaves ; stem slender. 1-3 ft. high ; peduncles 1-3-flowered ; filaments rough, 
inserted tow r ard summit of perianth tube. Rich woods. 

2. Polygonatum giganteuni or Polygonatum commutatum. Smooth 
throughout ; stem stout, 2-7 ft. high ; leaves ovate, partly clasping, or the upper 
nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles 2-8-flowered ; filaments smooth, inserted 
at middle of perianth tube. Meadows and river banks. 

7. TRILLIUM (Wake-robin) 

Low herbs, with a short thick rootstock, a simple naked stem bearing at sum- 
mit a whorl of 3 broad ribbed and net-veined leaves, a terminal large flower, 3 
spreading green sepals, 3 white or purple petals, short filaments, 3 styles, and an 
ovate-angled or winged berry. (See Plant Structures, p. 246, Fig. 227.) 

* Ovary and fruit 6-angled. 

■*- Flow r er sessile, dark purple. 



14 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Trillium sessile. Leaves sessile, ovate, often spotted; sepals spreading; 
petals sessile ; fruit globose. Rich woods. 

2. Trillium reeurvatum. Leaves narrowed at base into a petiole, ovate 
to obovate ; sepals reflexed ; petals narrowed at base into a stalk ; fruit ovate. 
Rich woods. 

+- +- Flower on a pedicel ; leaves broadly rhombic-ovate. 

++ Pedicel longer than flower ; filaments shorter than anthers. 

3. Trillium ergctum. Pedicel 1-3 in. long, more or less inclined or turned 
downward ; petals ovate to lanceolate, $-l£ in. long, brown-purple, white, green- 
ish, or pinkish ; styles stout, spreading, or recurved ; fruit ovate. Rich woods. 

4. Trillium grandiflorum. Pedicel erect or ascending ; petals oblanceo- 
late, U-2i in. long, white turning rose-color or marked with green ; styles very 
slender, erect or nearly so ; fruit globose. Rich woods. 

++ -H- Pedicel short, recurved, or strongly turned downward ; filaments about 
equaling anthers. 

5. Trillium cernuum. Petals wmite or pink, ovate to lanceolate, |-1 in. 
long, wavy and recurved-spreading; styles stout and recurved; fruit ovate. Rich 
woods. 

* * Ovary and fruit 3-lobed ; pedicel erect or inclined ; leaves petioled. 

6. Trillium nivale. Small, 2-4 in. high ; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse ; 
petals oblong, obtuse, white ; styles long and slender ; fruit flattened globose. 
Rich woods. 



IX. SMILACEiE (Smilax Family) 

Chiefly woody -stemmed plants climbing or supported by 
tendrils, with broad 3-9-ribbed and net-veined leaves, small 
flowers (staminate and pistillate on different plants) in axillary 
umbels, perianth of 6 divisions, 6 stamens, and a 3-celled ovary 
becoming a berry. 

1. SMILAX 

Shrubby or herbaceous, with usually heart-shaped simple leaves, small green- 
ish or yellowish flowers, and a bluish-black berry. (See Plant Relations, p. 61, 
Fig. 51.) 

1. Smilax lierbacea (Carrion Flower). Stems herbaceous, not prickly, 
usually climbing high ; leaves ovate or rounded, heart-shaped or truncate at base, 
7-9-nerved ; peduncles much longer than the petioles and sometimes the leaves, 
bearing 20-40 carrion-scented flowers. Moist ground or near water. 

2. Smilax rotimdifdlia (Common Greenbrier). Stems woody and armed 
with scattered prickles ; leaves broad, usually slightly heart-shaped. 5-9-nerved, 
the 3 middle ribs the most conspicuous ; peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than 
the petioles. Thickets, especially among brambles. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 15 



X. AMARYLLIDACEiE (Amaryllis Family) 

Herbs with leaves and naked stem from a bulb, a 6-parted 
colored perianth, 6 stamens, a single style, and an inferior 
3-celled ovary becoming a pod. 

* Perianth tubular, with a distinct crown on the throat. 

1. Narcissus. Stem with 1 or more flowers ; stamens included in the cup. 

* * Perianth not tubular, and with no crown. 

2. Galantlius. Stem usually with a single small nodding flower ; perianth 
divisions unlike, the 3 inner shorter and notched ; anthers pointed. 

3. Leucoium. Stem with 1-7 nodding flowers : perianth divisions alike ; 
anthers blunt. 

1. NARCISSUS 

Herbs with a basal cluster of linear leaves, a simple stem bearing 1 or more 
flowers from a scarious sheath, a perianth with cylindrical tube and 6 widely 
spreading lobes, and a conspicuous crown on the throat of the perianth. 

1. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus (Daffodil). Stem with 1 large yellow 
flower with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-shaped crown (as long as the 
perianth lobes or longer) with a wavy-toothed or crisped margin. Cultivated from 
Europe. 

2. Narcissus poeticus (Poet's Narcissus). Stem with 1 white flower with a 
crown edged with pink and scarcely projecting from the yellowish throat. Culti- 
vated from Southern Europe. 

3. Narcissus Jonquilla (Jonquil). Stem with 2-5 small yellow and very 
fragrant flowers with slender tube, and lobes spreading horizontally and much 
exceeding the crown. Cultivated from southern Europe. 

2. GALANTHUS (Snowdrop) 

Low herb, with a pair of pale linear basal leaves, a slender stem usually bear- 
ing a single small flower on a nodding pedicel, a perianth of 6 oblong and separate 
sepals (the 3 inner shorter, less spreading, and notched), and pointed anthers. 

1. Cralantlius nivalis. Stem 3-6 in. high, bearing a delicate drooping white 
flower, the inner divisions tipped with green. Common in cultivation. 

3. LEUCOIUM (Snowflake) 

Like Galantlius, but larger, the stem more leafy at base, and bearing 1-7 
flowers on nodding pedicels, the perianth divisions oval and all alike, and the 
anthers blunt. 

1. Leucoium vernum. Stem about 1 ft. high, mostly 1-flowered. Culti- 
vated from Europe. 



IQ KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



XL IRIDACEiE (Iris Family) 

Herbs with erect 2-ranked leaves, a 6-cleft petal-like peri- 
anth, 3 distinct or united stamens, a single 3-cleft style, and an 
inferior 3-celled ovary becoming a many-seeded pod. 

* Stems leafy. 

1. Iris. Perianth of 3 outer recurving and 3 inner erect or incurving divi- 
sions ; stamens separate. 

2. Sisyrincliium. Perianth deeply cleft into spreading similar divisions ; 
stamens united to the top. 

3. Belamcanda. Perianth parted to the base into nearly equal spreading 
divisions : stamens separate. 

* * Leaves and flowers from a bulb. 

4. Crocus. Perianth with a long and slender tube. 

1. IRIS (Iris. Flag. Flower-de-Luce) 

Tall herbs with thick rootstocks, tall and often branching stems with sword- 
shaped leaves and large showy flowers, a 6-cleft perianth with tube prolonged 
beyond the ovary and large lobes (the 3 outer spreading or reflexed, the 3 inner 
" smaller and erect), separate stamens, petal-like style branches, and an angled 
pod. 

1. Iris versicolor (Large Blue Flag). Stem stout, 1-3 ft. high : flowers 
violet-blue, variegated with green, yellow, or white, and purple-veined, 2-3 in. 
long. Wet places. (See Plant Relations, p. 126, Fig. 132 ; or Plant Structures, 
p. 251, Fig. 232.) 

2. SISYRINCHIUM (Blue-eyed Grass) 

Low slender herbs, with fibrous roots, grass-like or lanceolate leaves, 2-edged 
or winged stems, a cluster of delicate blue flowers from a 2-leaved sheath, a 
6-parted perianth with spreading divisions, stamens united to the top, and a glob- 
ular pod. Many species have been described, but they were formerly mostly 
included in the following : 

1. Sisyrincliium angustifdlium. Stem 4-12 in. high ; flowers delicate 
blue, becoming purplish (rarely white), the divisions of the perianth more or less 
notched and bristle-pointed, and ciliate. Moist meadows. 

3. BELAMCANDA or GEMMINGIA (Blackberry Lily) 

Tall herbs, with rootstock and leaves as in L*is, loosely many flowered, a 6- 
parted orange-yellow and purple-spotted spreading perianth, separate stamens. 
and a pear-shaped pod which opens and discloses the blackberry-like cluster of 
globose, black, and fleshy-coated seeds. 

1. Belamcanda Chin£nsis or Gemmingia Cliin6nsis. The branching 
stems 3-4 ft. high. Cultivated from China and Japan, and sometimes escaped. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 17 

4. CROCUS 

Low bulbous herbs, with a basal cluster of leaves with revolute margins, the 
flower arising directly from the bulb-like rootstock. a perianth with long slender 
tube and 6 roundish lobes (fully spreading only in sunshine), and the ovary and 
pod seldom raised above ground. Several species are cultivated, varying widely 
in color (often variegated) and in time of blooming. 

1. Crocus vermis. Leaves 2-4, equaling the flowers, whitish beneath; peri- 
anth segments 1-1 J in. long, lilac or white and often striped with purple. Culti- 
vated from Europe. 

XII. ORCHIDACEiE (Okchis Family) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, very irregular and often showy 
flowers, 3 petal-like sepals, 3 petals (the lower one different 
from the others and called the lip), a central column composed 
of blended stamens and style, and an inferior 1-celled ovary 
becoming- a pod with innumerable very minute seeds. (See 
Plant Structures, p. 249 ; also Figs. 235-237; also Plant Rela- 
tions, p. 127, Fig. 133 ; also Figs. 137-142.) 

* Bulbous, with naked stem and 1 or 2 basal leaves; lip not spurred. 
+- Basal leaves 2. 

1. Liparis. Flowers purplish: petals thread-like: lip flat, entire, obovate. 
■*-- *- Basal leaf solitary. 

2. Calopogon. Leaf grass-like: sepals and petals spreading: lip dilated at 
summit and bearded on the upper side. 

3. Aretlmsa. Leaf linear; sepals and petals arching over the column: lip 
dilated at tip, not bearded. 

4. Calypso. Leaf ovate, thin: flower solitary: lip an inflated sac, larger 
than the rest of the flower. 

* * Roots fleshy, fibrous: basal leaves 2: lip spurred. 

5. Orchis. Leaves large, obovate; lip turned downward: sepals and petals 
forming a hood. 

* * * Brownish or yellowish herbs with branched and coral-like rootstocks 
and no green leaves. 

6. Corallorhiza. Flowers small, dull, racemed. 

* * * * Leafy plants with tufted, fibrous roots and few showy flowers. 

7. Cypripeclium. Sepals and petals spreading ; lip a large, inflated sac. 

1. LIPARIS or LEPTORCHIS (Twatblade) 

Low bulbous herbs, with 2 basal leaves, a short naked stem bearing a raceme 
of few purplish or greenish flowers, linear sepals, thread-like spreading petals, flat 
entire lip. and an elongated incurved column. 

1. Llparis liliifolia or Leptorcliis liliifolia. Leaves ovate: petals re- 
flexed : lip | in. long, wedge obovate, abruptly short pointed, brown-purplish. 
Moist woods. 



18 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



2. CALOPOGON or LIMODORUM 

Bulbous herbs, with naked stem sheathed below by the base of the single 
grass-like leaf and bearing several large flowers, distinct and spreading nearly 
similar sepals and petals, lip on the upper or inner side of the flower distant from 
the column, raised on a stalk, dilated at summit, and strongly bearded on the 
upper side, column slender and winged at apex. 

1. Calopogon pulchellus or Limodorum tuberosum. Stem about 1 ft. 
high, 2-6-flowered; flowers 1 in. broad, pink-purple; lip beautifully bearded with 
white, yellow, and purple hairs. Bogs. 

3. ARETHUSA 

Low bulbous herb, with the solitary linear leaf hidden in the sheaths of the 
stem until after flowering, a single terminal large rose-purple flower, nearly simi- 
lar sepals and petals united at base and arching over the column, lip dilated and 
recurved toward the tip, and column petal-like and dilated at apex. 

1. Aretliusa bulbosa. Flower erect, 1-2 in. long ; lip bearded-crested 
down the face. Bogs. 

4. CALYPSO 

A small bulbous bog herb, with a single ovate thin leaf, a short naked stem 
bearing a large and showy (variegated purple, pink, and yellow) flower, nearly 
similar spreading pointed sepals and petals, a sac-shaped inflated lip larger than 
the rest of the flower, and a broadly winged petal-like column. 

1. Calypso borealis or Calypso bulbosa. Stem 3-5 in. high; lip woolly- 
hairy inside. Cold bogs and wet woods. 

5. ORCHIS 

Low herbs, with fleshy-fibrous roots. 1 or 2 basal leaves, a naked stem bearing 
a few showy flowers, nearly equal sepals and petals, and lip turned downward and 
spurred below. 

1. Orchis spectabilis. Stem 4-7 in. high; leaves 2. oblong-obovate and 
shining, 3-6 in. long : sepals and petals united to form the vaulted hood, pink- 
purple, the undivided lip white. Rich woods. 

6. CORALLORHIZA (Coral-root) 

Brownish or yellowish herbs, with much-branched and coral-like rootstocks, 
no green leaves, a raceme of small dull flowers, oblique perianth of nearly similar 
sepals and petals, lip spreading at apex and bearing a pair of projecting ridges, 
and a 2-edged straightish column. 

1. Corallorliiza odontorliiza. Stem bulbous-thickened at base, 6-16 in. 
high, 6-20 flowered; lip entire, thin, broadly ovate or obovate, abruptly contracted 
into a stalk-like base. Rich woods. 

7. CYPRIPEDIUM (Lady-slipper. Moccasin Flower) 

Herbs with tufted fibrous roots, large many-nerved leaves sheathing at the 
base, solitary or few large and showy flowers, spreading sepals, usually narrow 
petals, lip a large inflated sac, and a declined column. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 19 

1. Cypripedium parviflorum. intern 1-2 ft. high: leaves oval and pointed: 
sepals and wavy-twisted petals brownish, the former ovate to lanceolate : lip 
flatfish from above, bright yellow. 1 in. long or less. Bogs and damp woods. 

2. Cypripedium pubescens or Cypripedium hirsutum. Like the last, 
but taller and pubescent : leaves broadly oval and acute : sepals elongated lanceo- 
late: lip flattened laterally, lf-2 in. long, pale yellow. Bogs and damp woods. 

3. Cypripedium acaule. Downy, with naked stem 8-12 in. high, bearing 
2 oblong leaves at base, a green bract at top. and a single flower: sepals and petals 
greenish, shorter than the drooping rose-purple (rarely white* veiny lip. which is 
nearly 2 in long and has a closed fissure down its whole length in front. Dry or 
moist woods. (See Plant Relations, p. 132, Fig. 137: or Plant Structures, p. 253. 
Fig. 236.) 

XIII. SAURURACEiE (Lizard-tail Family) 

Herbs with jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, naked 
flowers in spikes, 6 or 7 stamens, and 3-5 more or less separate 
pistils becoming somewhat fleshy in fruit. 

1. SAURURUS (Lizard-tail) 

Marsh herbs, with heart-shaped ribbed petioled leaves, a long slender termi- 
nal spike of white flowers, and carpels united at base and becoming wrinkled in 
fruit. 

1. Saururus ceriums. Spike nodding at the end : filaments long and slen- 
der. Swamps. (See Plant Structures, p. 219. Fig. 195.) 



XIY. JUGLANDACEiE (^alxut Family) 

Large trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves, 
staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant, the former 
in aments with an irregular calyx, the latter solitary or in a 
small cluster with a regular 3-5-lobed calyx, stamens 3-40. and 
fruit a bony nut invested by a hull. 

1. Juglans. Stamens 12-40 : hull not splitting : nut rough. 

2. Carya. Stamens 3-10 : hull splitting into 4 pieces ; nut smooth. 

1. JUGLANS (Wausut) 

Trees with odd-pinnate leaves of many serrate leaflets, long lateral staminate 
aments. solitary or clustered pistillate flowers (with 4-toothed calyx and 4 small 
petals*. 12-40 stamens. 2 short styles, a 2-4-celled ovary, and a rough irregularly 
furrowed nut inclosed in a hull which does not open. The embryo (chiefly of 
cotyledons) sweet and edible. (See Plant Relations, p. 82. Fig. 76. | 

1. Juglans cinerea I Butternut. White Walnut). Tree 50-75 ft. high, 
with gray bark : the petioles and branchlets downy with clammy hairs : leaflets 
5-8 pairs, downy especially beneath: fruit oblong, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply 
sculptured and rough with ragged ridges. Rich woods. 



20 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

2. Juglans nigra (Black Walnut). Tree often 90-150 ft. high, with rough 
brown bark ; leaflets 7-11 pairs, smooth above, the lower surface and the petioles 
minutely downy ; fruit spherical, roughly dotted, the nut corrugated. Rich 
woods. 

2, CARYA or HICORIA (Hickory) 

Trees with pinnate leaves, slender lateral and clustered staminate aments, 
pistillate flowers in clusters of 2-5 (with 4-toothed calyx and no petals), 3-10 sta- 
mens, 2 or 4 short styles, a 2-4-celled ovary, and a smooth nut inclosed in a hull 
which splits into 4 pieces. 

1. Carya alba or Hicoria ovata (Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory). Tree 
70-90 ft. high or more, with trunk covered with shaggy bark, which peels off in 
rough strips : leaflets 5-7, serrate, the lower pair much smaller ; fruit globular ; 
nut white, flattish, globular with thin shell. 

XV. SALICACEiE (Willow Family) 

Trees or shrubs with alternate undivided leaves, staminate 
and pistillate flowers in aments on different plants, no calyx 
or corolla, 2-30 stamens, a 1-celled ovary, and fruit a pod con- 
taining numerous seeds with long silky down. (See Plant 
Structures, p. 255.) 

1. Salix. Bracts of the ament entire : stamens few; buds with a single scale. 

2. Populus. Bracts of the ament cut-lobed at apex ; stamens numerous ; 
buds scaly. 

1. SALIX (Willow) 

Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with lithe branches, mostly 
long and pointed leaves, 1 flower to each bract of the ament. and 2 stamens. (See 
Plant Structures, p. 219, Fig. 196, and p. 257, Fig. 240.) 

1. Salix cordata. Shrub 4-10 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate, rounded or taper- 
ing at base, sharply serrate, smooth : stipules usually large and conspicuous, 
serrate ; pods glabrous, tapering, pointed, slender-stalked ; flowers slightly earlier 
than the leaves. Along streams. 

2. POPULUS (Poplar. Aspen) 

Trees with broad and more or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, scaly 
buds, one flower to each bract of the ament, 8-30 or more stamens, and 2-4 elon- 
gated styles. 

1. Populus tremuldides (American Aspex). Small tree 20-50 ft. high, with 
smooth greenish- white bark ; leaves roundish heart-shaped, with a short sharp 
point and small regular teeth, smooth on both sides, with downy margins, on slen- 
der petioles laterally flattened ; bracts of the ament cut into 3 or 4 deep linear 
divisions, fringed with long hairs ; stamens 6-20. 

2. Populus grandidentata. Tree 60-75 ft. high, with smoothish gray bark; 
leaves roundish ovate, with large and irregular teeth, when young densely cov- 
ered with white silky wool, at length smooth on both sides ; scales cut into 5 or 6 
unequal small divisions slightly fringed ; petioles and stamens as in the last. Rich 
woods and borders of streams. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



21 



3. Populus monilifera or Populus deltoides (Cottonwood). Tree 75- 
150 ft. high ; leaves broadly deltoid, with numerous crenate teeth and narrowly 
acuminate, sometimes ovate, rarely heart-shaped, or elongated petioles ; scales 
cut-fringed, not hairy ; stamens 60 or more. Borders of streams. (See Plant 
Relations, p. 70, Fig. 61.) 



XVI. BETULACEiE (Birch Family) 

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple straight- veined 
leaves, staminate flowers in elongated aments, fertile flowers in 
long or short aments, 1-5 sepals or none, 2-8 stamens, and a 
2-celled ovary becoming a nut (with or without a wing). 

1. Be tula. Stamens 2 ; scales thin, 3-lobed, falling with the winged nuts. 

2. Alnus. Stamens 4 ; scales thick, entire, persisting after the nuts have 
fallen. 

3. Corylus. Stamens 8 ; the large bony nut inclosed in a leafy involucre. 

1. BETULA (Birch) 

Trees or shrubs with outer bark usually separable in sheets and that of the 
branchlets dotted, scaly buds, long and drooping terminal and lateral staminate 
aments with peltate scales (with calyx of 1 scale and 4 stamens), oblong or cylin- 
drical, usually terminal, pistillate aments, 3-lobed scales (with a single naked 
2-celled ovary), 2 or 3 flowers to each scale of the ament, and fruit a broadly 
winged and scale-like nutlet. (See Plant Relations, p. 71, Fig. 62.) 

* Trees with dark-brown close bark and sessile very thick fruiting aments. 

1. B6tula 16nta (Sweet or Black Birch). Tree 50-75 ft. high, with very 
sweet aromatic bark and reddish bronze-colored spray ; leaves thin, ovate, more 
or less heart-shaped, acuminate, sharply and finely serrate ; wing of fruit not 
broader than body. Rich woods. 

* * Trees with chalky-white bark separable in thin sheets, and pendulous slen- 
der-stalked and smooth fruiting aments. 

2. Betula papyrifera (Paper or Canoe Birch. White Birch). Tree 50-75 
ft. high ; leaves ovate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate ; wing of fruit much broader 
than body. 

* * * Tree with greenish-brown bark and soft downy-stalked fruiting aments. 

3. Betula nigra (River or Red Birch). Tree 50-75 ft. high, with reddish 
twigs; leaves ovate, acutish at both ends, irregularly serrate, whitish downy 
beneath; petioles, peduncles, and oblong aments tomentose; fruit broadly 
winged. Banks of streams. 

* * * * Shrubs with brownish bark, small thick leaves, and smooth erect 
fruiting aments. 

4. Betula pumila (Low Birch). Shrubs 2-8 ft. high; leaves obovate, round- 
ish, or orbicular, pale beneath, finely reticulated ; wing of fruit mostly narrower 
than body. Bogs. 



22 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



2. ALNUS (Alder) 

Shrubs or small trees with flowers in terminal aments and developed before 
the leaves, elongated and drooping staminate aments (3 flowers to each scale, a 
3-5- parted calyx, and as many stamens), ovoid or oblong pistillate aments (2 or 3 
flowers to each fleshy scale, calyx of 4 small scales, and a 2-celled ovary), and a 
wingless fruit. (See Plant Structures, p. 257, Fig. 241.) 

1. Aluus serrulata or Alims rugosa. A shrub forming dense thickets ; 
leaves obovate, acute at base, sharply and minutely serrate, thickish ; scales of the 
fertile anient becoming thick and woody in fruit. Borders of streams and swamps. 

3. CORYLUS (Hazelnut) 

Shrubs with toothed leaves, staminate flowers in drooping cylindrical aments 
(consisting of 8 stamens), pistillate flowers several in a scaly bud (consisting of a 
single 2-celled ovary), and fruit a globular bony nut inclosed in a leafy cup con- 
sisting of 2 enlarged bracts. 

1. Corylus Americana. Forming thickets ; leaves roundish heart-shaped ; 
involucre open above down to the nut, the 2 broad inclosing bracts cut-toothed 
and almost distinct. 



XVII. FAGACE^E (Beech Family) 

Trees with alternate simple leaves, staminate flowers in 
slender aments or small heads, fertile flowers 1 or 2 inclosed in 
a small cup which becomes hard and more or less surrounds 
the nut, 4-7-lobed calyx, no petals, and 3-20 stamens. 

1. Quercus. Staminate flowers in slender aments ; nut roundish, not com- 
pletely inclosed by the cup. . 

2. Fagus. Staminate flowers in a small head ; nuts sharply triangular, com- 
pletely inclosed by the prickly cup. 

1. QUERCUS (Oak) 

Trees with greenish or yellowish flowers, staminate flowers in slender aments 
(with 2-8-lobed calyx and 3-12 stamens), pistillate flowers scattered or somewhat 
clustered), a nearly 3-celled ovary inclosed by a scaly involucre which becomes a 
hard cup around the base of the nut or acorn. 

1. Quercus alba OVhite Oak). Large trees with pale, often scaly bark ; 
mature leaves smooth, pale beneath, bright green above, obovate or oblong, 
obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or linear lobes ; cup saucer-shaped, much shorter 
than the ovoid or oblong acorn. (See Plant Relations, p. 69, Fig. 60 ; or Plant 
Structures, p. 255, Fig. 238.) 

2. FAGUS (Beech) 

Tall trees with close and smooth gray bark, horizontal spray, undivided 
strongly straight-veined leaves, staminate flowers in small heads on drooping 
stalks (with a bell-shaped 5-7-cleft calyx and 8-16 stamens), pistillate flowers usu- 
ally in pairs at the apex of a short stalk (with calyx of 6 slender lobes), a 3-celled 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 23 

ovary with 3 thread-like styles, and sharply 3-sided nuts, usually 2 in each 4-valved 
prickly involucre. 

1. Fagus ferruginea or Fagus Americana (American Beech). Tree 75- 
100 ft. high ; leaves oblong, ovate, taper-pointed, often coarsely toothed ; prickles 
of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. 



XVIII. ULMACEiE (Elm Family) 

Trees with alternate serrate pinnately veined leaves, 4-9 
cleft calyx, no petals, 4-9 stamens, 2 styles, and a 1-2-celled 
ovary becoming a winged or berry-like fruit. 

1. Ulmus. Flowers preceding the leaves ; fruit winged all around. 

2. Celtis. Flowers appearing with the leaves ; fruit berry-like. 

1. ULMUS (Elm) 

Large trees with purplish or yellow flowers in lateral clusters preceding the 
leaves, a 5-9-lobed calyx, as many stamens with long slender filaments, 2 short 
styles, and a fruit winged all around. (See Plant Relations, p. 67, Fig. 58 ; p. 68, 
Fig. 59 ; p. 75, Fig. 65 ; also Plant Structures, p. 220, Fig. 198 ; p. 256, Fig. 239.) 

1. Ulmus Americana (American or White Elm). A large tree, usually 
with spreading branches and drooping smooth branchlets ; leaves obovate-oblong 
or oval, abruptly pointed, sharply serrate, smooth above and pubescent beneath 
or soon smooth ; flowers in close clusters, on slender drooping stalks ; fruit ovate, 
smooth except the margins. Rich moist soil. 

2. Ulmus fiilva (Slippery or Red Elm). A tree 45-60 ft. high, with very 
mucilaginous inner bark ; branchlets downy ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, 
serrate, downy beneath and very rough above; flowers nearly sessile; fruit orbicu- 
lar. Rich soil. 

2. CELTIS (Hackberry) 

Small or large trees resembling elms, but flowers appearing with the leaves, 
and fruit fleshy inclosing a stone {drupe). 

1. Celtis occidentalis. Leaves reticulate, heart-shaped, ovate, or lanceo- 
late, taper-pointed, sharply serrate ; fruit reddish or yellowish, becoming dark 
purple, as large as small cherries, sweet and edible. Woods and river banks. 

XIX. MORACE./E (Mulberry Family) 

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, staminate and pistil- 
late flowers in separate clusters, 4-parted calyx becoming- fleshy 
in fruit, no petals, 4 stamens opposite the sepals, 2 slender 
styles, and a 2-celled ovary becoming* an akene covered by the 
fleshy calyx. 

1. MORUS (Mulberry) 

Trees with broad-toothed leaves, flowers in separate axillary spikes, the whole 
pistillate spike becoming a thick oblong and juicy compound fruit. 



24 KI:v TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Moms rubra (Red Mulberry). Large tree ; leaves heart-shaped, serrate, 
rough above and downy beneath, often lobed on young shoots ; fruit dark purple, 
long. Rich woods. 



XX. ARISTOLOCHIACEiE (Birthwobt Family) 

Low herbs or twining shrubs with long-petioled heart- 
shaped leaves, conspicuous lurid calyx, no petals, 6-12 stamens, 
and a 6-cellecl ovary which forms a globular pod. 

1. ASARUM (Wild Ginger) 

Herbs with aromatic creeping rootstocks, a pair of kidney-shaped basal 
leaves, a solitary short-stalked flower close to the ground, a bell-shaped 3-cleft 
calyx, 12 stamens with pointed tips, a short 6-lobed style, and a rather fleshy glob- 
ular pod. 

1. Asarum Canadense. Soft-hairy ; leaves (often with satin sheen) more 
or less pointed, 4-5 in. broad when full-grown ; calyx lobes widely and abruptly 
spreading, brown-purple inside. Hillsides in rich woods. 

XXL POLYGONACEiE (Buckwheat Family) 

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, stipules in the form of 
sheaths above the swollen joints of the stem, 3-6-cleft calyx, no 
petals, 4-8 stamens, and a 1-celled ovar} 7 usually becoming a 
3-angled nut- like fruit (akene). 

* Sepals 6, the outer row reflexed, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit. 

1. Ruiuex. Stigmas 3 ; coarse weeds. 

* * Sepals 5, equal and erect in fruit. 

2. Polygonum. Leaves oblong to lanceolate ; embryo curved around one 
side of the seed. 

3. Fagopyrum. Leaves triangular heart-shaped ; embryo in the center of 
the seed. 

1. RUMEX (Dock) 

Coarse herbs with often large leaves, clusters of small mostly greenish 
flowers, calyx of 6 sepals (3 outer spreading in fruit, 3 inner larger and somewhat 
colored, enlarged after flowering, veiny, and closing over the nut-like fruit), 6 
stamens, and 3 styles. 

1. Rumex crispus (Curled Dock). Smooth, 3-4 ft. high ; leaves with 
strongly wavy-curled margins, lanceolate and acute, lower ones truncate at base ; 
flowers in long slender crowded racemes which are leafless above. Common in 
cultivated and waste ground. Weed from Europe. 

2. Rumex Acetosella (Sheep Sorrel). Low, 6 to 12 in. high, with sour 
herbage: leaves narrow-lanceolate or linear, at least the lower ones halberd-form; 
flowers small, in a terminal naked spray-like cluster. Common everywhere. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 25 



2. POLYGONUM (Knotweed. Smartweed) 

Herbs with conspicuous stipules sheathing the prominent joints of the stem, 
small flowers, a 5-parted often petal-like calyx, 4-9 stamens, 2 or 3 styles, and a 
triangular or lens-shaped akene. 

1. Polygonum aviculare. Slender and smooth, mostly prostrate or ascend- 
ing, leafy throughout ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, acutish ; sheaths 2-lobed or 
lacerate; flowers in axillary clusters or in spikes with leafy bracts; sepals very 
small, green with pinkish margins ; stamens 8 (rarely 5) ; styles 3 ; nut dull and 
minutely granular. Yards and waste places. 

2. Polygonum Persicaria (Lady's Thumb). Nearly smooth, 1-1$ ft. high ; 
leaves lanceolate, pointed, roughish, often with a dark spot near the middle ; 
sheaths bristly ; flowers greenish-purple, in dense erect oblong spikes ; stamens 
mostly 6 ; style 2- or 3-cleft ; nut flattened or triangular, smooth and shining. 
Waste and damp places. Weed from Europe. 

3. FAGOPYRUM (Buckwheat) 

Smooth erect herbs with triangular heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, 
terminal clusters of white flowers often tinged with green or rose color, a petal- 
like 5-parted calyx, 8 stamens, and 3 styles. 

1. Fagopyrum esculentum or Fagopyrum Fagopyrum. Flower with 
8 honey glands between the stamens ; nut acute, smooth and shining. Old fields 
and thickets. Cultivated from Europe. 



XXII. PORTULACACEiE (Puesla^e Family) 

Herbs with entire fleshy leaves, 2 separate or united sepals, 
5 petals, 5-20 stamens, a 2-8-parted style, and a 1-celled pod. 

1. Portulaca. Stamens 7-20 ; pod opening by a lid. 

2. Claytonia, Stamens 5 ; pod splitting into 3 pieces. 

1. PORTULACA (Purslane) 

Low herbs, with scattered leaves, sessile flowers, 2-cleft calyx, 5 or 6 ephem- 
eral petals, 7-12 stamens, a 5- or 6-parted style, and a globular pod opening by 
a lid. 

1. Portulaca oleracea. Prostrate and smooth : leaves obovate or wedge- 
form ; petals pale yellow. Cultivated and waste ground. 

2. CLAYTONIA (Spring-beauty) 

Low herbs in early spring from a small deep tuber, with a pair of opposite 
leaves, a loose cluster of rose-color or white (deeper-veined) flowers, 2 distinct 
ovate sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and a 3-cleft style. 

1. Claytonia Virginica. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long. Moist open 
woods. (See Plant Relations, p. 196, Fig. 164 b.) 



26 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



XXIII. CARYOPHYLLACEiE (Pink Family) 

Herbs with opposite entire leaves, usually 5 sepals (united 
or separate), 5 petals, 10 stamens (sometimes fewer), 2-5 styles, 
and a 1-celled ovary becoming a pod. 

* Sepals united into a tube or cup ; petals on slender stalks. 
+- Calyx with scaly bracts or small leaves at base. 

1. Diantlius. Calyx mostly cylindrical ; styles 2. 
+- *■ Calyx naked. 

2. Saponaria. Calyx round or 5-angled, obscurely nerved ; styles 2. 

3. Silene. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved ; styles 3. 

4. Lychnis. Calyx 5-toothed, 10-nerved ; styles 5, rarely 4. 

* * Sepals distinct or nearly so ; petals without slender stalks. 

5. Stellaria. Petals 2-clef t ; styles usually 3. 

1. DlANTHUS (Pink. Carnation) 

Ornamental herbs, with stems swollen at the joints, showy flowers, a cylin- 
drical striate 5-toothed calyx with scaly bracts or small leaves at base, petals with 
slender stalk-like base, 10 stamens, and 2 styles. 

1. Diantlius barbatus (Sweet William. Bunch Pink). Leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, green ; flowers of various colors and sessile in a very flat-topped clus- 
ter ; petals sharply toothed. Cultivated from Europe. 

2 Diantlius plumarius (Common Pink). A low and tufted plant, with 
small narrow whitish leaves ; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches, white 
or pink, or variegated ; petals cut into a fringe of slender lobes. Cultivated from 
Europe. 

3. Diantlius Caryopliyllus (Carnation. Clove Pink). Stems hard or 
almost wood}' below ; leaves long-linear and grass-like, whitish ; flowers solitary 
at the ends of branches, of various colors (white, pink, red, yellow, and varie- 
gated) ; petals toothed or entire. Cultivated from Europe. 

2. SAPONARIA 

Coarse herbs with terminal clusters of large flowers, and characters of Dian- 
tlius, but with no bracts or small leaves at the base of the calyx. 

1. Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet). A stout plant; leaves oval-lanceo- 
late ; large rose-colored (commonly double) flowers in flattish clusters ; petals 
crowned with an appendage at the top of the stalk. Roadsides. From Europe. 

3. SILENE (Catchfly) 

Herbs with solitary or clustered flowers, a 5-toothed calyx, 5 petals with slen- 
der stalk-like base, 10 stamens, 3 styles, a 1-3-celled ovary, and a pod opening at 
apex by 3 or 6 teeth. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 27 

1. Silene stellata (Starry Campion). Stems about 3 ft. high; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, in whorls of 4 ; flowers white and in a large open terminal cluster ; 
calyx bladdery-inflated, bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe. Wooded banks of 
streams. 

2. Silene Femisylvanica or Silene Caroliniana (Wild Pink). Plants 4-8 
in. high, sticky-hairy, especially the calyx; basal leaves narrowly spatulate, taper- 
ing into hairy petioles ; stem-leaves lanceolate ; flowers clustered, short-stalked ; 
calyx elongated, not inflated ; petals wedge-form, slightly notched, pink. Sandy 
soil. 

3. Silene Virginica (Fire Pink). Slender, 1-2 ft. high, sticky -hairy ; leaves 
spatulate, or the upper oblong-lanceolate ; flowers few and loosely clustered ; 
calyx cylindrical, not inflated; petals oblong, 2-cleft, deep crimson. Open woods. 

4. LYCHNIS (Cockle) 

Herbs resembling Silene, but with 5 (rarely 4) styles, and pod opening by as 
many or twice as many teeth. 

1. Lychnis Gitliago or Agrostemma Githago (Corn Cockle). Covered 
with long soft hairs ; leaves long-linear ; flowers purple-red ; calyx-lobes like the 
leaves, longer than the broad petals. In wheat-fields. 

5. STELLARIA or ALSINE (Chickweed) 

Herbs with solitary or clustered white flowers, a calyx of 4 or 5 separate 
sepals, 4 or 5 deeply 2-cleft petals which are not slender-stalked, 3-10 stamens, 3 
styles, and an ovoid pod splitting into 6 pieces. 

1. Stellaria media or Alsine media (Common Chickweed). Stems weak 
and spreading ; leaves ovate or oblong, the lower on hairy petioles: petals shorter 
than the calyx ; stamens 3-10. Damp ground. Introduced from Europe. 

2. Stellaria pubera or Alsine pubera (Great Chickweed). Stems weak 
and spreading ; leaves ovate or oblong, all sessile ; petals longer than the calyx ; 
stamens 10. Woods. 



XXIV. ANONACEiE (Custard-apple Family) 

Trees or shrubs with alternate entire leaves, solitary axil- 
lary flowers, 3 sepals, 6 petals (in 2 rows), numerous stamens in 
a globular mass, and few separate pistils forming 1 large pulpy 
fruits. 

1. ASIMINA (Papaw) 

Shrubs or small trees with dark dull-purple flowers solitary from the axils of 
last year's leaves, and 1-4 large oblong yellowish-pulpy fruits containing several 
horizontal flat seeds. 

1. Asimina triloba. Plants 10-20 ft. high, with young shoots and opening 
leaves rusty-brown ; leaves obovate-lanceolate, pointed ; flowers appearing with 
the leaves ; petals veiny, round-ovate ; fruit 3-4 in. long, sweet and edible. Rich 
soil. 

3 



28 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



XXV. RANUNCULACE^E (Crowfoot Family) 

Herbs with flower parts all distinct, 3-15 sepals, petals 3-15 
or wanting, numerous stamens or rarely few, and many or few 
pistils becoming either pods, akenes, or berries. (See Plant 
Structures, p. 259.) When the petals are wanting the calyx is 
often colored like a corolla. 

* Sepals 4, petal-like ; petals none or small ; akenes numerous and long-tailed 
by the styles ; leaves all opposite. 

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leaf stalks, or erect herbs. 

* * Sepals 3-20 ; stamens mostly numerous ; akenes numerous or several in a 
head or spike; leaves alternate or basal, the upper sometimes opposite or whorled. 

-h Petals none ; sepals petal-like. 

-H- All but the lower leaves opposite or whorled. 

2. Anemone. Involucre leaf -like, remote from the flower; leaves compound 
or dissected ; pistils very numerous. 

3. Hepatica. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 sepal-like bracts ; leaves 
basal ; pistils several. 

4. Anemonella. Basal leaves and involucre compound ; akenes 4-15, many 
ribbed. 

-H- -H- Leaves alternate, compound. 

5. Tlialictrum. Sepals usually 4, petal-like or greenish ; akenes few. 
+- +- Petals more or less showy ; sepals usually 5 ; akenes numerous. 

6. Ranunculus. Petals 5, yellow (in ours) ; akenes in a head. 

* * * Pods or berries few ; leaves alternate. 

+- Flowers regular, not in racemes ; sepals petal-like. 

7. Isopyrum. Sepals 5, white ; petals none ; leaves compound. 

8. Caltha. Sepals 5-9, yellow ; petals none ; leaves simple. 

9. Aquilegia. Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals ; 
leaves compound. 

+- +- Flowers irregular, in racemes ; sepals petal-like. 

10. Delphinium. Upper sepal spurred and inclosing the long spurs of 2 
petals. 

+-•*--*- Flowers regular, very large, not in racemes; sepals not petal-like. 

11. Paeonia. Pistils 2 or more, becoming leathery pods. 

1. CLEMATIS (Virgin Bower) 

Climbing herbs or vines with opposite leaves, solitary or clustered flowers, 4 
colored sepals, numerous stamens, and numerous pistils which ripen into a head 
of akenes with long plumose tails. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES < 29 

1. Clematis Virginiana (Common Virgin Bower). Climbing over shrubs ; 
leaves with 3 ovate, acute, cut or lobed leaflets ; flowers white and rather small, 
in loose spray-like clusters, the staminate and pistillate on different plants. 
Stream banks, etc. 

2. Clematis Viorna (Leather-flower). Stems climbing ; leaflets 3-7, ovate 
or oblong, 2-3-lobed or entire, uppermost often simple ; flowers large, solitary 
and nodding on long stalks ; calyx at length bell-shaped, the purplish sepals 
very thick and leathery. Rich soil. 

2. ANEMONE (Anemone) 

Herbs with basal leaves, those of the stem 2 or 3 together and opposite or 
whorled remote from the flower, solitary flowers on 1 or few stalks, few or many 
petal-like sepals, no petals (or mere rudiments), numerous stamens, and numerous 
pistils ripening into a head or thick spike of akenes, which are pointed or tailed 
and flattened but not ribbed. 

* Head of fruits with long feathery tails. 

1. Anemone patens Nuttalliana or Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pasque- 
flower). Low, and densely covered with long silky hairs ; leaves 3-divided, the 
lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted, the segments cleft 
into narrow lobes ; lobes of stem-leaves all united at base into a shallow cup ; a 
solitary peduncle bearing an erect large flower which is developed before the 
leaves ; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish. Prairies. 

* * Fruits merely beaked. 

2. Anemone cylindrica. Slender, 2 ft. high, silky-hairy; stem-leaves long- 
petioled, 3-divided, the divisions wedge-lanceolate, lateral 2-parted, middle 3-cleft, 
with lobes cut and toothed at apex ; flowers 2-6, on very long erect and naked 
stalks ; sepals 5, rather obtuse, greenish-white ; head of fruit cylindrical, 1 in. 
long, the akenes tipped with the stout persistent style. Dry woods. 

3. Anemone Virginiana. Like the last, but often taller, less pubescent or 
becoming almost smooth ; stem-leaves fewer (3), 3-parted, the divisions ovate- 
lanceolate ; flower-stalks elongated, the earliest naked, the others 2-leaved at the 
middle ; sepals acute ; head of fruit oval or oblong. Woods and meadows. 

4. Anemone nemorosa or Anemone quinquefolia (Wind-flower). 
Low delicate and smooth plants, with simple stem and basal leaves from a slender 
rootstock ; stem-leaves 3, long-petioled, with 3 wedge-shaped or oblong toothed or 
cut leaves ; flower solitary, the stalk not longer than the stem -leaves ; sepals 4-7, 
oval and white (sometimes blue, or tinged with purple outside) ; pistils only 15-20, 
oblong, with a hooked beak. Open woods. 



3. HEPATICA (Liver-leaf. Hepatica) 

Like Anemone, but the stem-leaves simple and in a whorl of 3 close to the 
flower so as to resemble a calyx ; the basal leaves heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thick- 
ish and persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the 
flowers, which are single and on hairy stalks. 

1. Hepatica triloba or Hepatica Hep&tica. Leaves with 3 ovate obtuse 
or rounded lobes ; sepals 6-12, blue, purplish, or nearly white ; akenes several in a 
small loose head. Woods. Blooming very early. 



30 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



4. ANEMONELLA or SYNDESMON 

Low smooth herbs with compound basal leaves and 2 or 3 similar stem-leaves 
at the base of an umbel of white flowers, 5-10 conspicuous sepals, no petals, 
numerous stamens, and 4-15 pistils becoming strongly 8-10-ribbed sessile akenes. 

1. Anenionella tlialictroides or Syndesmon tlialictroides (Rue-anem- 
one). Stem and slender petiole of basal leaf rising from a cluster of thickened 
tuberous roots ; leaves ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat 3-lobed 
at end, heart-shaped at base ; sepals white, rarely pinkish. Woods. 



5. THALICTRUM (Meadow-rue) 

Herbs with alternate ternately compound leaves, flowers in loose clusters, 4 or 
5 petal-like or greenish sepals, no petals, numerous stamens, and 4-15 pistils ripen- 
ing into grooved or ribbed akenes. 

1. Tlialictrum dioicuni. Smooth and pale, 1-2 ft. high ; leaflets drooping, 
rounded and 3-7-lobed ; flowers purplish and greenish, the pistillate and staminate 
ones on different plants ; anthers drooping on fine hair-like filaments. Rocky 
woods. 

6. RANUNCULUS (Crowfoot. Buttercup) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, solitary or clustered yellow (sometimes white) 
flowers, 5 sepals, 5 flat petals, numerous stamens, and numerous pistils becoming 
a globose head of mostly flattened and pointed akenes. (See Plant Structures, p. 
222, Fig. 202.) 

* Pale-yellow petals shorter than the reflexed sepals. 

1. Ranunculus abort ivus. Smooth or sometimes hairy, branching, i-2 ft. 
high ; first basal leaves round-heart-shaped, barely crenate, the succeeding ones 
often 3-lobed or 3-parted ; stem-leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions oblong or narrow 
wedge form ; akenes with a minute curved beak. Open woods and banks of 
streams. 

2. Ranunculus recurvatus. Hirsute, 1-2 ft. high, basal and stem-leaves 
nearly alike, long petioled, deeply 3-cleft, large ; the lobes broadly wedge-shaped ; 
2 or 3 cleft, cut and toothed toward the apex ; akenes with a long recurved beak. 
Woods. 

* Bright yellow petals twice the length of the spreading sepals. 

3. Ranunculus fascicularis. Low, 5-9 in. high, pubescent with close 
pressed silky hairs ; root a cluster of thickened fleshy fibers ; basal leaves appear- 
ing pinnate ; the long-stalked terminal division remote from the 2 or 4 sessile lat- 
eral ones, itself 3-5-divided ; akenes tipped with a slender straight beak. Dry or 
moist woods. 

7. ISOPYRUM 

Slender smooth herbs with ternately compound leaves, 2- or 3-lobed leaflets, 
axillary and terminal white flowers, 5 petal-like sepals, no petals, 10-40 stamens, 
and 3-6 pistils becoming ovate or oblong several-seeded pods. 

1. Isopyrum biternatum. Root fibers thickened here and there into little 
tubers ; pods usualry 4, spreading in fruit. Moist woods. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 31 



8. CALTHA (Marsh-marigold) 

Smooth herbs with round and heart-shaped or kidney-shaped large undivided 
alternate leaves. 5-9 broad bright yellow sepals, no petals, numerous stamens, and 
5-10 pistils with scarcely any styles becoming spreading many-seeded pods. 

1. C£ltlia palustris. Stem hollow, furrowed ; leaves crenate or toothed or 
nearly entire. Swamps and wet meadows. (See Plant Structures, p. 260, Fig. 243.) 

9. AQUILEGIA (Columbine) 

Herbs with ternately compound leaves, lobed leaflets, large showy flowers 
terminating the branches, 5 sepals colored like the petals. 5 petals with short 
spreading lip and produced backward into large hollow spurs much longer than 
the calyx, numerous stamens, and 5 pistils becoming erect pods. 

1. Aquilegia Canadensis (Wild Columbine). Flowers 2 in. long, scarlet, 
yellow inside, nodding ; spurs nearly straight. Rocks. 

2. Aquilegia vulgaris (Garden Columbine). Stems 1-3 ft. high, many- 
flowered ; flowers varying from blue to purple, white, etc. ; spurs hooked. Culti- 
vated from the Old World. 

10. DELPHINIUM (Larkspur) 

Herbs with palmately divided leaves, flowers in terminal racemes. 5 petal-like 
sepals (the upper one prolonged into a spur at the base), 4 petals (the upper pair 
continued backward into long spurs inclosed in the calyx spur), numerous sta- 
mens, and 3 pistils becoming many-seeded pods. (See Plant Structures, p. 260, 
Fig. 244.) 

1. Delphinium tricorne. Stems simple, *-3 ft. high; leaves deeply 5-parted, 
their divisions 3-5 cleft; raceme few-flowered, loose; flowers bright blue, some- 
times white ; spur straightish, ascending. Woods. 

11. P^EONIA (Peony) 

Herbs with ternately compound leaves, large single flowers, green sepals, 
large and often numerous petals, numerous stamens, and 2 or more pistils becom- 
ing leathery pods. (See Plant Structures, p. 220, Fig. 200.) 

1. Psednia officinalis (Common Peony). Smooth, with large, coarsely divided 
green leaves ; the very large flowers red, white, etc. ; pods downy. Cultivated 
from the Old World. 



XXVI. BERBERIDACEiE (Barberry Family) 

Shrubs or herbs with alternate leaves, 4 or 6 sepals. 6 or 9 
petals, and as many (or twice as many) stamens opposite them 
with anthers usually opening at top by 2 valves, and a single 
pistil becoming a berry or pod. 



32 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

* Shrubs ; petals and stamens 6. 

1. Berberis. Flowers yellow ; fruit a berry. 

* * Herbs ; petals 6-9 : stamens 8-18 ; flowers white. 

2. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 ; pod opening by a lid. 

3. Podophyllum. Petals 6 or 9 ; stamens 12 or 18 ; fruit a large berry. 

1. BERBERIS (Barberry) 

Shrubs with drooping racemes of yellow flowers, 6 roundish sepals, 6 obovate 
and concave petals, 6 sensitive stamens, and fruit a sour berry. 

1. Berberis vulgaris (Common Barberry). Leaves scattered on the new 
shoots, mostly reduced to triple or branched spines and with clusters of the obo- 
vate and bristly-toothed new leaves in their axils ; racemes many-flowered ; ber- 
ries scarlet. Cultivated from Europe, and often escaped. 

2. JEFFERSONIA (Twin-leaf) 

Glabrous herb with fibrous roots, long-petioled basal leaves parted into 2 half- 
ovate leaflets, a naked stem bearing a single white flower, 4 ephemeral sepals, 8 
oblong petals, 8 stamens, and a pointed ovary becoming a pear-shaped pod which 
opens by a terminal lid. 

1. Jeffersonia dipliylla. Low; flower 1 in. broad, rarely in 3s or 5s. Woods. 

3. PODOPHYLLUM (May-apple. Mandrake) 

Herbs with creeping rootstocks, stems with 2 leaves, a solitary white flower, 6 
ephemeral sepals, 6 or 9 obovate petals, twice as many stamens, a large sessile 
stigma, and fruit a large fleshy berry. 

1. Podophyllum peltatum. Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 
7-9-lobed centrally peltate leaf (like an umbrella) ; flowering stems with two leaves 
5-9-parted into wedge-shaped lobed or toothed divisions, and with the nodding 
flower (about 2 in. broad) from the fork. Rich woods. 



XXVII. LAURACEiE (Laurel Family) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, stam- 
inate and pistillate flowers on different plants, a 6-parted col- 
ored calyx, about 9 stamens with anthers opening by 2 or 4 
uplifted valves, and a 1-celled ovary becoming a fleshy fruit 
with a stone (drupe). 

1. Sassafras. Trees ; anthers with 4 valves ; fruit blue. 

2. liindera. Shrubs ; anthers with 2 valves ; fruit red. 

1. SASSAFRAS 

Trees with spicy aromatic bark, entire or lobed leaves, greenish-yellow flowers 
in clustered racemes and appearing with the leaves, 6-parted spreading calyx, 9 
stamens (6 short rudiments in pistillate flower) with 4- celled and 4-valved anthers, 
and an ovoid blue fruit on a rather fleshy reddish stalk. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 33 

1. S&ssafras officinalis or Sassafras Sassafras. Trees 15-125 ft. high ; 
leaves ovate, entire or some of them 3-lobed. Rich woods. 

2. LINDERA or BENZOIN (Wild Allspice) 

Spicy shrubs with entire leaves appearing after the lateral umbel-like clusters 
of yellow flowers, 6-parted open calyx, and 9 stamens (15-18 rudiments in pistil- 
late flower) in 3 rows with 2-celled and 2-valved anthers, and a globular red fruit. 

1. Liindera Benzoin or Benzoin Benzoin (Spice-bush). Nearly smooth, 
6-15 ft. high ; leaves oblong-obovate, pale underneath. Damp woods. 



XXVIII. PAPAVERACEiE (Poppy Family) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, 2 ephemeral or scale-like sepals, 
4-12 petals, 6 to many stamens, and a 1- or many-celled pod. 

* Stamens numerous, distinct ; sepals falling when the flower opens ; petals 
wide-spreading, regular. 

■*- Pod 1-celled. 

-H- Flower bud erect. 

1. Sanguinaria. Petals 8-12 ; stigma 2-lobed on a short style ; juice 
orange-red. 

2. Argemone. Petals 4-6 ; stigma 3-6-lobed, almost sessile ; pod prickly ; 
juice yellow. 

3. Eschscholtzia. Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire ; 
petals 4 ; stigmas 4-6, spreading ; pod long and slender, grooved ; juice colorless. 

-H- ++ Flower bud nodding. 

4. Stylophorum. Pod bristly ; stigma 3-4-lobed, raised on a style ; flowers 
yellow ; juice yellow. 

+- +■ Pod becoming many-celled. 

5. Papaver. Pod globular or oblong ; stigmas united into a many-rayed 
disk-like body ; juice milky. 

* * Stamens 6 in 2 clusters ; sepals scale-like ; corolla flattened, closed, 
spurred, or saccate. 

6. Dicentra. Corolla cordate or 2-spurred at base. 

7. Corydalis. Corolla with but one petal spurred at base. 

1. SANGUINARIA (Bloodroot) 

Low herb with thick rootstocks full of red-orange juice, a single basal rounded 
and palmate-lobed leaf, a naked stem bearing a single white flower, 8-12 spatulate- 
oblong petals, about 24 stamens, a short style, and a 1-celled oblong swollen pod. 

1. Sanguinaria Canadensis. Open rich woods. (See Plant Relations, p. 
195, Fig. 164a.) 



34 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



2. ARGEMONE (Prickly Poppy) 

Bristly herbs with sessile lobed and prickly-toothed leaves often blotched with 
white, large showy flowers, 2 or 3 often prickly sepals, 4-6 petals, numerous sta- 
mens, a sessile radiate stigma, and a 1-celled oblong prickly pod. 

1. Argemone Mexicana (Mexican Poppy). Plant 1-2 ft. high ; stems, 
leaves, sepals, and pods prickly ; petals dull yellow to white, sometimes very 
large. Common in cultivation from tropical America. 

2. Argemdne platyceras. Setose-hispid all over; petals white ; pod armed 
with stout spines. Plains. 

3. ESCHSCHOLTZIA 

Delicate herbs with pale dissected leaves, long-stalked large flowers, sepals 
united into a pointed cap which falls off entire, 4 petals, numerous stamens, and a 
long slender 1-celled pod. 

1. Esclischoltzia Californica (Californian Poppy). A top-shaped dilata- 
tion at the base of the flower ; flowers various shades of yellow, or white. Com- 
mon in cultivation. 

4. STYLOPHORUM (Celandine Poppy) 

Low herb with stems naked below and bearing above 2 (sometimes 1 or 3) pin- 
nately parted or divided leaves, a terminal umbel-like cluster of one or few large 
bright yellow flowers, 2 hairy sepals, 4 petals, numerous stamens, a distinct style, 
and a 1-celled bristly oval pod. 

1. Stylopliorum dipliyllum. Leaves pale beneath, deeply pinnatifid into 
5 or 7 oblong lobed divisions ; basal leaves often with a pair of smaller and dis- 
tinct leaflets. Damp woods. 

5. PAP AVER (Poppy) 

Herbs with leafy stems, nodding flower-buds, showy flowers, mostly 4 petals, 
numerous stamens, a sessile many-rayed crown-like stigma, and many-celled short 
and swollen pod which opens by pores under the edge of the stigma. 

1. Papaver sornniferuin (Common Poppy). Smooth and pale ; leaves 
clasping, wavy, incised, and toothed ; flowers mostly white or purple ; pod 
globose. Cultivated from Europe. 

6. DICENTRA or BICUCULLA 

Delicate smooth herbs with ternately compound and dissected basal leaves, 
nodding flowers in racemes on naked stems, 2 small and scale-like sepals, 4 petals 
slightly cohering in two pairs (outer with spreading tips and spurred or saccate 
base, inner narrow and with crested tips united over the stigma), 6 stamens in two 
clusters, and fruit a pod. 

1. Dicentra Cucullaria or Bicucfilla Cucullaria (Dutchman's Breeches). 
Stem and basal leaves from a granulate bulb ; lobes of leaves linear ; corolla 
white tipped with cream, with 2 divergent spurs. Rich woods. 

2. Dicentra Canadensis or Bicuculla Canadensis (Squirrel Corn). 
Plants from scattered grain-like yellow tubers resembling grains of corn ; corolla 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 35 

greenish- white tinged with rose, heart-shaped at base (the spurs being very short 
and rounded). Rich woods. 

3. IMc6ntra spect&bilis (Bleeding Heart). Taller and coarser leafy- 
stemmed plants with large much more coarsely compound leaves, and long droop- 
ing raceme of red (or white) heart-shaped flowers 1 in. long. Cultivated from 
China. 

7. CORYDALIS or CAPNOIDES 

Pale leafy-stemmed herbs, with compound dissected leaves, and racemes of 
small, usually yellow flowers, as in Dicentra, but corolla 1-spurred at base. 

1. Corydalis aurea or Capnoides aiireuni (Golden Corydalis). Flowers 
golden-yellow, £ in. long, the slightly decurved spur about half as long ; pod 
spreading or pendent, becoming warty. Rocky woods. 



XXIX. CRUCIFERiE (Mustard Family) 

Herbs, usually pungent, with alternate leaves, terminal 
clusters of flowers, 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens (4 long" and 
2 short), and a 2-celled pod. (See Plant Structures, p. 261, 
Fig. 246.) 

* Fruit a true pod, splitting lengthwise into two parts, which fall away and 
leave the thin partition. 

+- Pod flattened parallel to the partition. 

1. Dentaria. Stems naked below, from a fleshy rootstock ; pod oblong or 
linear ; seeds wingless. 

2. Cardamine. Stems leafy, mostly from fibrous roots; pod oblong or lin- 
ear; seeds wingless. 

3. Alyssum. Stems leafy ; pods round ; seeds winged. 

+- +■ Pod globular, cylindric, or 4-angled, not flattened. 

4. Nasturtium. Pod globular or cylindric ; leaves more or less pinnatifld ; 
aquatic or marsh plants. 

5. Erysimum. Pod 4-angled ; leaves simple ; flowers yellow. 

■*- +- Pod short, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. 

6. Capsella. Pod triangular and notched at the top, several or many seeded. 

7. Lepidium. Pod oval, usually with 2 seeds ; corolla regular, small. 

8. Iberis. Pod scale-shaped, roundish, or ovate, usually 2-seeded ; corolla 
irregular. 

* * Fruit somewhat fleshy, not splitting. 

9. Raphanus. Seeds separated by partitions. 

1. DENTARIA (Toothwort) 

Herbs with long horizontal fleshy pungent rootstocks, simple stems naked 
below and bearing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about or above the middle and 
terminated by a single cluster of large white or purple flowers, and lanceolate flat 
pods. 



36 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Dentiiria diphylla. Rootstock long and continuous, often branched ; 
stem leaves 2. similar to the basal ones ; leaflets rhombic-ovate or oblong ovate, 
coarsely crenate, the teeth abruptly acute ; flowers white. Rich woods. 

2. Dentaria laciniata. Rootstock tuberous, deep-seated ; basal leaves 
often none ; stem leaves 3-parted, the lateral segments often 2-lobed, all broadly 
oblong to linear, more or less gash-toothed ; flowers white or rose-color. Rich 
woods. 

2. CARDAMINE (Bitter Cress) 

Mostly smooth and leafy-stemmed herbs with simple or compound leaves, a 
terminal cluster of white or purple flowers, and a linear flattened pod. 

1. Cardamine rliombdidea or Cardamine bulbosa (Spring Cress). 
Stems upright from a tuberous rootstock, simple ; basal leaves round and often 
heart-shaped ; lower stem leaves ovate or oblong, the upper almost larceolate. 
all often sparingly toothed ; flowers large, white ; pods linear lanceolate, pointed 
with the slender style. Wet meadows and springs. The var. purpurea is lower, 
usually somewhat hairy, and has rose-purple flowers. 

2. Cardamine liirsuta. Smooth or with scattered hairs; stems \-2 ft. high, 
arising from the spreading cluster of basal pinnate leaves ; leaflets rounded, those 
of the upper leaves oblong or linear, all toothed, angled or entire ; flowers small, 
white ; pods linear, very narrow, erect or ascending. Wet places. 

3. ALYSSUM or KONIGA 

Low herbs with linear leaves, terminal clusters of white or yellow flowers, and 
small orbicular pods. 

1. Alyssum maritimum or Koniga maritima (Sweet Alyssum). Leaves 
green or slightly hoary ; flowers small, white, honey-scented ; pod 2-seeded. Cul- 
tivated from Europe. 

4. NASTURTIUM or RORIPA (Water Cress) 

Water or marsh plants with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves, yellow or white 
flowers, and a short linear pod which is not flattened. 

1. Nasturtium officinale or Roripa Nasturtium (True Water Cress). 
Stems spreading and rooting ; leaves with 3-11 roundish or oblong nearly entire 
leaflets ; petals white, twice the length of the calyx ; pods linear, ascending on 
slender widely spreading stalks. Cultivated from Europe, but escaped into brooks 
and ditches. 

5. ERYSIMUM 

Herbs with leafy stems, narrow leaves, a terminal cluster of large crowded 
bright orange-yellow flowers, and linear 4-sided pods. 

1. Erysimum &sperum (Western Wall Flower). Rather stout, 1-2 ft. 
high, minutely hoary ; leaves lanceolate to linear, entire or toothed ; pods nearly 
erect or widely spreading, 3-4 in. long. Moist or dry ground. 

6. CAPSELLA or BURSA (Shepherd's Purse) 

Low plants with clustered pinnatifid basal leaves, arrow-shaped sessile stem 
leaves, an elongating raceme of small white flowers, and an obcordate-triangular 
pod, flattened contrary to the narrow partition. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 37 

1. Capsella Biirsa-pastoris or Bursa Rursa-pastoris. Excessively 
common in \f aste places. A weed from Europe. 

7. LEPIDIUM (Peppergrass) 

Small plants with simple leaves, small white or greenish flowers, and a round- 
ish pod much flattened contrary to the narrow partition. 

1. Lepidium Virginicum. Leaves with tapering base, the upper linear or 
lanceolate and entire, the lower incised or pinnatifid ; the orbicular or oval pods 
with a small notch at top ; stamens only 2. Common along roadsides. 

8. IBERIS (Candytuft) 

Low plants with narrow leaves, flowers in flat clusters (outer petals much 
larger than the inner), and scale-shaped roundish wing-margined and notched 
pods. 

1. Iberis sempervirens. Woody at base, tufted ; leaves bright green, 
lanceolate or linear-spatulate, thickish and entire; flowers pure white. Cultivated 
from Europe. 

2. Iberis umbellata. Herbaceous ; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper lin- 
ear and entire ; flowers purple-lilac (or pale). Cultivated from Europe. 

9. RAPHANUS (Radish) 

Annual or biennial from a thick root, with a cluster of lyrate root leaves, pur- 
ple or white flowers, and thick pointed pods with the seeds separated by partitions. 
1. Raphanus sativus. Cultivated from the Old World for its fleshy root. 



XXX. CAPPARIDACEiE (Caper Family) 

Herbs with alternate palmately compound leaves, 4 petals, 
6 or more stamens, and a 1-celled pod. 

1. Cleome. Stamens 6 ; pod long-stalked. 

2. Polanisia. Stamens 8 or more ; pod not stalked or scarcely so. 

1. CLEOME 

Smooth herbs with leaves of 3 leaflets, showy bracted racemes of rose-colored 
or white flowers, a 4-cleft calyx, entire petals tapering to a slender stalk, 6 sta- 
mens, and a linear to oblong long-stalked pod. 

1. Cleome integrifdlia or Cleome serrulata. Stems 2-3 ft. high ; leaflets 
narrowly lanceolate to oblong ; pod 1-2 in. long, its stalk as long as the flower 
stalk. Open ground. 

2. POLANISIA 

Clammy hairy herbs with leaves of 3 leaflets, small flowers in leafy racemes, 
stalked and notched petals, 8-32 unequal stamens, and a linear or oblong veiny 
swollen pod. 



38 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Polanisia graveolens. Leaflets oblong ; flowers small, yellowish-white 
with purplish calj T x and filaments ; stamens about 11 and hardly longer than the 
petals ; pod slightly stalked. Gravelly soil. 



XXXI. CRASSULACEiE (Orpine Family) 

Usually fleshy herbs with sessile leaves, flower parts all of 
the same number or the stamens double, and fruit a pod. 

1. Pentliorum. Not fleshy; sepals 5; petals none; stamens 10 f carpels 
united, forming a 5-beaked pod. 

2. Seclum. Leaves thick and fleshy ; sepals, petals, and separate pistils 4 or 
5 ; stamens 8-10. 

1. PENTHORUM (Ditch Stonecrop) 

Erect herbs with scattered entire leaves, yellowish-green flowers sessile 
along the upper side of the spreading naked flowering branches, 5 sepals, petals 
rare if any, 10 stamens, and 5 pistils united below and forming a 5-angled and 
5-horned pod. 

1. Pentlioruin sedoides. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. Open 
wet ground. 

2. SEDUM (Stonecrop) 

Smooth thick-leaved herbs with flowers sessile along one side of spreading 
flowering branches, the first or central flower mostly with 5 sepals and petals and 
10 stamens, the others often with 4 sepals and petals and 8 stamens, and 4 or 5 dis- 
tinct pistils ripening into many-seeded pods. 

1. Sedum ternatuni. Stems spreading, 3-6 in. high ; leaves flat, the lower 
in whorls of 3, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered and oblong ; flower branches 
3 ; petals white. Rocky woods. 



XXXII. SAXIFRAGACEiE (Saxifrage 
Family) 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate and opposite leaves usually 
without stipules, mostly 10 stamens, and a 1-5-celled superior 
or inferior ovary becoming a pod. 

* Herbs ; ovary superior or nearly so. 

1. Saxifraga. Petals entire ; stamens 10 ; ovary 2-celled. 

2. Mitella. Petals pinnatifid ; stamens 10 ; ovary 1 -celled. 

3. Heucliera. Petals entire ; stamens 5 ; ovary 1-celled. 

* * Shrubs ; ovary inferior ; leaves opposite. 

4. Deutzia. Stamens 10 ; filaments flat. 

5. Philadelphia. Stamens 20-40. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES ■ 39 



1. SAXIFRAGA (Saxifrage) 

Herbs with clustered basal leaves, stems naked or with alternate leaves, a 
terminal cluster of flowers, a 5-cleft calyx, 5 entire petals. 10 stamens, 2 styles, and 
a 2-celled ovary becoming a 2-beaked pod or 2 almost separate and divergent pods. 
(See Plant Relations, p. 58, Fig. 48.) 

1. Saxifraga Virginiensis (Early Saxifrage). Low, 4-9 in. high ; leaves 
all basal, obovate, or oval-spatulate, crenate-toothed, thickish ; flowers in a loose 
cluster on the naked stem ; calyx-lobes erect, not half the length of the oblong 
obtuse white petals. Dry rocks and hillsides. 

2. Saxifraga Peimsylvanica (Swamp Saxifrage). Large, 1-2 ft. high ; 
leaves all basal, oblanceolate, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a loose cluster on the 
naked stem ; calyx-lobes recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate 
greenish small petals. Bogs. 

2. MITELLA (Mitrewobt. Bishop-cap) 

Low and slender herbs with round heart-shaped basal leaves, those on the 
flowering stems opposite, a terminal slender raceme of small flowers, a short 5- 
cleft calyx, 5 delicate and pinnatifid petals, 10 included stamens, 2 very short 
styles, and a 1-celled ovary becoming a 2-beaked pod. 

1. Mitella dipliylla. Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5- 
lobed and toothed ; those on the stem 2, opposite, and nearly sessile. Rich woods. 

3. HEUCHERA (Alum-root) 

Herbs with round heart-shaped basal leaves, those of the stem (if any) alter- 
nate, greenish or purplish flowers in long clusters, a 5-cleft bell-shaped calyx, 5 
small spatulate and entire petals. 5 stamens, 2 slender styles, and a 1-celled ovary 
becoming a pod. 

1. Heucliera Americana. Stems 2-3 ft. high, glandular, and more or less 
hirsute ; leaves roundish with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth : flowers 
small, the petals not longer than the calyx lobes ; stamens and styles protruding. 
Rocky woods. 

4. DEUTZIA 

Shrubs with opposite simple leaves ; numerous clusters of white or pinkish 
flowers, a 5-lobed calyx, 5 petals, 10 stamens with flat filaments. 3-5 slender styles, 
and an inferior 3-5-celled ovary becoming a pod. 

1. Deutzia gracilis. About 2 ft. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply ser- 
rate, bright green and smooth ; flowers snow-white ; filaments forked at the top. 
Cultivated from Japan. 

2. Deutzia scabra. Tall shrub, rough with fine pubescence : leaves pale. 
ovate, or oblong-ovate, minutely crenate-serrate ; flowers dull white or pinkish ; 
filaments broadest above and with a blunt lobe on each side just below the anther. 
Cultivated from China and Japan. 

5. PHILADELPHIA (Syrixga) 

Shrubs with opposite often toothed leaves, clustered showy white flowers, 
calyx with top-shaped tube and 4- or 5-parted spreading border, 4 or 5 large 



40 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

rounded petals, 20-40 stamens, 3-5 more or less united styles, and an inferior 3-5- 
celled ovary becoming a pod. 

1. Philacl61 pirns coronarius. Leaves smoothish and oblong-ovate ; fra- 
grant cream- white flowers in crowded clusters. Cultivated from southern Europe. 

XXXIII. GROSSULARIACEiE (Gooseberky 
Family) 

Like Saxifragacece, but shrubs with alternate palmately 
veined and lobed leaves, 5 stamens, an inferior 1-celled ovary, 
and fruit a berry. 

1. RIBES (Currant. Gooseberry) 

Low sometimes prickly shrubs with lateral clusters of small flowers, a 5-lobed 
often colored calyx, 5 small petals in the throat of the calyx, and 2 separate or 
more or less united styles. 

* Flowers 1-3 in a cluster ; gooseberries. 

1. Kibes Cynosbati (Wild Gooseberry). Stems mostly prickly; leaves round 
heart-shaped, 3-5-lobed ; flowers 1-3 in a cluster ; stamens and undivided style not 
longer than the broadly bell-shaped calyx, whose lobes are shorter than the tube ; 
berries large, becoming dull purple, armed with long prickles (rarely smooth). 
Rocky woods. 

2. Kibes Grossularia or Kibes Uva-crispa (European Gooseberry). 
Like the last, but a stocky bush with thickish leaves, calyx-lobes longer than the 
tube, pubescent calyx and ovary, and a large usually finely pubescent berry. Cul- 
tivated from Europe. 

3. Kibes oxyacantlioides (American Gooseberry). Like the last, but with 
very short prickles or none ; leaves thinner ; stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely 
equaling the broadly oblong calyx-lobes ; ovary and berry smooth, the latter 
becoming green or reddish. 

4. Kibes rotundifdlium. Like the last, but filaments slender and more or 
less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes ; berry smooth. 

* * Flowers in racemes ; currants. 

5. Kibes riibrum (Garden Currant). No thorns or prickles. Stems strag- 
gling or reclining; leaves heart-shaped and with 3-5 roundish lobes; flowers green- 
ish or whitish, in drooping racemes ; calyx flat and open ; berries red or white. 
Cultivated from Europe. 

6. Kibes aureum (Golden, Buffalo, or Missouri Currant). Smooth bush 
with rounded 3-lobed and cut-toothed leaves ; short racemes of spicy-scented 
bright-yellow flowers; tube of yellow calyx much longer than the spreading lobes; 
berries blackish. Commonly cultivated from the West. 

XXXIV. ROSACEA (Eose Family) 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate stipulate leaves, usually 5 
more or less united sepals, as many petals, numerous stamens 
(with the petals) on the calyx-tube, numerous superior ovaries 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 4]_ 

(sometimes inclosed in the calyx-tube), and fruits various. 
(See Plant Structures, p. 2\J2.) 

* Pistils not inclosed in calyx-tube at maturity. 
+- Pistils fleshy in fruit. 

1. Rubus, Herbs or with soft woody stems ; small fleshy fruits crowded on 
a spongy receptacle. 

+- *- Pistils forming akenes ; herbs. 

2. Geuiri. Styles elongated in fruit, forming persistent tails. 

3. Potentilla. Styles not elongated ; akenes heaped on a dry receptacle. 

4. Fragaria. Styles not elongated ; akenes on a much enlarged pulpy 
receptacle. 

* * Pistils inclosed in the urn-shaped fleshy* calyx-tube. 

5. Kosa. Prickly shrubs with pinnately compound leaves. 

1. RUBUS (BRAMBLE) 

Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants with usually compound leaves and mostly 
white flowers, a 5-parted calyx, and usually many small fleshy stone fruits col- 
lected on a dry or fleshy receptacle. 

* Fruit falling off from the dry receptacle ; raspberries. 

1. Rubus strigosus -Wild Red Raspberry . Stems woody, upright, with 
stiff straight bristles : leaflets 3-5. ovate, pointed, serrate : petals as long as 
the sepals; fruit light red. Thickets and hills. (See Plant Structures, p. 262, 
Fig. 248.) 

2. Rubus occidentalis I Black Raspberry . Whitish all over : stems 
recurved, armed with hooked prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3 rarely 5 . ovate, 
pointed, coarsely serrate ; petals shorter than the sepals : fruit purple-black. 
Thickets. 

* * Fruit not separating from the juicy receptacle : blackberries. 

3. Rubus villdsus (Common Blackberry . Shrubby. 1-6 ft. high, upright or 
reclining, armed with stout curved prickles: leaflets 3 (or sometimes 5), ovate, 
pointed, serrate, the terminal ones conspicuously stalked : spreading petals much 
longer than the narrow sepals : fruit oblong, blackish. Thickets. 

2. GEUM (AVENS) 

Herbs with pinnately compound or lyrate leaves, a bell-shaped or flatfish 5- 
cleft calyx, and numerous akenes crowded on a prominent receptacle and with 
the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked tails. 

1. Geum album or Geuni Canadense. Smooth or soft hairy ; stem slen- 
der. 2 ft. high ; basal leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded with a few mi- 
nute leaflets below ; stem leaves 3-divided or lobed or only toothed ; petals white 
or pale yellowish, small ; head of fruit sessile in the calyx. Open woods. 

2. Geum vernum. Somewhat hairy : stems slender, few-leaved : basal 
leaves roundish heart-shaped. 3-5-lobed or some of them pinnate : petals yellow, 
about as long as the calyx ; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the calyx. 
Thickets. 



42 KE ^ TO THE FAMILIES 



3. POTENTILLA (Cinquefoil. Five-finger) 

Herbs or rarely shrubs with compound leaves, solitary or clustered flowers, 
flat 5-cleft calyx with as many bractlets at the intervals, and numerous akenes in 
a head with the styles not persisting as a tail. (See Plant Relations, p. 79, Fig. 
72 ; also Plant Structures, p. 225, Fig. 205.) 

* Herbs. 

+- Flowers in terminal clusters. 

1. Fotentilla arguta. Stems erect, usually stout, 1-4 ft. high, brownish- 
hairy, clammy above ; leaves pinnate with 7-11 oval or ovate serrate leaflets, 
downy beneath ; white or yellow flowers rather large, in an upright rather close 
cluster ; stamens mostly 30 ; akenes glabrous. Rocky ground. 

2. Fotentilla Norvegica or Fotentilla Monspeliensis. Stout erect, 
hirsute, f-2 ft. high ; leaves ternate, with obovate or lanceolate serrate leaflets ; 
small yellow flowers in a rather close leafy cluster ; stamens 15 (rarely 20). Open 
ground. 

3. Fotentilla argentea (Silvery Cinquefoil). Stems ascending, branch- 
ing above, many-flowered, white woolly ; leaves palmate, of 5 leaflets which are 
wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, green above, white with silvery wool beneath ; 
flowers yellow, rather large ; stamens 20. Dry fields. 

-j- +- Flowers solitary and axillary. 

4. Fotentilla Canadensis (Common Cinquefoil). Villous-pubescent ; stems 
slender and more or less prostrate, sometimes erect ; leaves palmate, of 3 leaflets, 
but apparently 5 by the parting of the lateral leaflets ; leaflets wedge- oblong or 
obovate, serrate ; yellow flowers solitary in the axils. Dry soil. 

* * Shrubs. 

5. Fotentilla fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil). Stem erect, shrubby, 1-4 ft. 
high, much branched ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets 5-7, crowded, lanceolate, entire, 
silky ; flowers numerous, with yellow rounded petals ; akenes densely hairy. Wet 
grounds. 

4. FR AGAR I A (Strawberry) 

Low herbs with runners, a cluster of palmate basal leaves, the 3 leaflets obo- 
vate and serrate, the naked stem terminated by a cluster of white flowers which 
are nearly as in Potentilla but the receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, 
becoming pulpy and scarlet and bearing the minute dry akenes scattered over its 
surface. (See Plant Relations, p. 57, Fig. 47.) 

1. Fragaria Virginiana. Calyx erect after flowering ; akenes imbedded in 
the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle. Rich woods and fields. 

5. ROSA (Rose) 

Shrubby and usually spiny or prickly plants with odd-pinnate leaves and 
showy flowers, an urn-shaped calyx-tube contracted at the mouth and becoming 
fleshy in fruit, 5 broad petals inserted with the numerous stamens into the rim of 
the calyx-tube which bears within and below the numerous hairy pistils which 
become bony akenes. 

1. Rosa Carolina. Stems usually tall, 1-7 ft. high, with stout straight or 
more or less curved spines ; leaflets 5-9, dull green, finely many toothed. Borders 
of swamps and streams. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 43 

2. Rosa humilis. Stems usually low, 1-3 ft. high, with straight slender 
spiues ; leaflets mostly 7, smooth and often shining above, coarsely toothed. 
Mostly in dry or rocky soil. 



XXXV. POMACEiE (Apple Family) 

Trees or shrubs with the characters of Rosacece, but with 
2-5 styles distinct or united at base, an inferior 5-celled ovary, 
and a fleshy fruit formed by the calyx-tube and ovary (pome). 

1. Pyrus. Fruit 2-5-celled, with 2 seeds in each cell. 

2. Amelanchier. Fruit 10-celled, a single seed in each cell. 

1. PYRUS (Pear. Apple) 

Trees or shrubs with showy flowers in flat clusters, and a 2-5-celled fruit with 
2 seeds in each cell. 

* Fruit with base tapering down to the stalk ; pears. 

1. Pyrus communis (Common Pear). A smooth tree with branches inclined 
to be thorny ; leaves ovate with small obtuse teeth ; flowers pure white in a sim- 
ple cluster. Cultivated from Europe. (See Plant Structures, p. 263, Fig. 249.) 

* * Fruit sunken at both ends, especially at base ; apples. 

2. Pyrus Malus or Malus Malus (Common Apple). A tree with buds and 
lower surface of leaves (when young) and calyx woolly ; leaves ovate or oblong, 
evenly serrate ; flowers white and tinged with pink, in showy simple clusters. 

3. Pyrus coronaria or Malus coronaria (American Crab Apple). Tree 
20 ft. high, somewhat thorny, with large rose-colored very fragrant flowers ; 
leaves ovate, cut serrate or lobed ; styles woolly and united at base ; fruit globu- 
lar. Open woods and thickets. 

* * * Fruit more or less pear-shaped ; flowers solitary or in small sessile clus- 
ters ; quinces. 

4. Pyrus Cydonia or Cydonia vulgaris (Common Quince). A small bushy 
tree ; leaves oval, entire, woolly beneath ; flowers very large, white or tinged with 
red, terminating short leafy shoots ; fruit woolly, more or less pear-shaped. Cul- 
tivated from Europe. 

5. Pyrus Japonica or Cydonia Japonica (Japan Quince). Thorny 
smooth and widely branched shrub ; leaves oval or wedge oblong ; flowers large 
and showy, scarlet red or sometimes almost white, on side spurs and appearing 
in great abundance earlier than the leaves ; fruit green-speckled, very hard. Cul- 
tivated from Japan. 

2. AMELANCHIER (June-berry) 

Small trees or shrubs with racemes of white flowers, calyx-lobes downy 
within, elongated petals, 5 styles united below, and a 5-celled berry-like fruit. 

1. Amelanchier Canadensis (Service-berry. Shad-bush). A tree 10-30 
ft. high ; leaves ovate and pointed, usually somewhat heart-shaped at base, 
sharply serrate ; petals oblong ; fruit globular, crimson or purplish. Open woods. 
4 



44 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

—The var. oblongifdlia is a smaller tree or shrub 6-10 ft. high, with more ellip- 
tical and finely serrate leaves, flowers in denser and shorter racemes, and petals 
somewhat spatulate and shorter. Moist ground. 



XXXVI. DRUPACEiE (Plum Family) 

Trees or shrubs with the characters of Rosacece, but with 
simple leaves, a single style, and a superior 1-celled ovary 
becoming a fleshy fruit with a stone {drupe). 

1. PRUNUS (Plum. Peach. Cherry) 

Small trees or shrubs with clusters of flowers, a bell-shaped to tubular 5-clef t 
calyx, 5 spreading petals, and 15-20 stamens. 

* Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 ; fruit pubescent ; peaches, almonds, etc. 

1. Primus P6rsica (Peach). Small trees with lanceolate serrate leaves ; 
flowers pink ; fruit thick-fleshed and edible. Cultivated from China. 

* * Flowers in umbel-like clusters ; fruit covered with a bloom ; plums. 

2. Primus dom6stica (Common Plum). Small trees with large ovate or 
obovate coarsely serrate leaves, usually pubescent beneath ; flowers white ; fruit 
variable but mostly globular or oblong. Cultivated probably from Asia. 

3. Primus Americana (Common Wild Plum). A thorny tree 8-20 ft. high ; 
leaves ovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely serrate, smooth when mature ; flow- 
ers usually white ; fruit roundish oval, yellow, orange, or red. Woods and river 
banks. 

* * * Flowers in small clusters along the branches or in racemes ; fruit with- 
out a bloom ; cherries. 

4. Primus serotina (Wild Black Cherry). A large tree ; leaves 3, oblong 
or lanceolate oblong, taper-pointed, serrate, shining above ; flowers small, white, 
in long racemes ; fruit small, globular, purplish-black. Woods. 

5. Primus Cerasus (Common Cherry). A low tree with spreading grayish 
branches ; flowers white, in small clusters from lateral buds, mostly earlier than 
the leaves ; leaves ovate or obovate ; fruit red of various shades. Cultivated from 
Europe. 



XXXVII. CiESALPINACEiE (Senna Family) 

Eesembling Papilionacece, but the standard smaller than 
the wings and inclosed by them in bud, and stamens distinct. 

1. CERCIS (Redbud. Judas-tree) 

Trees with rounded heart-shaped simple leaves, clusters of red-purple flow- 
ers preceding the leaves, a 5-toothed calyx, 10 distinct stamens, and an oblong 
flat pod. 

1. Cercis Canadensis. Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile above the 
calyx. Rich woods. (See Plant Relations, p. 10, Figs. 3a, 3b.) 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 45 



XXXVIII. PAPILIONACEiE (Pulse Family) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate and usually compound 
leaves, irregular flowers, 5 sepals more or less united, 5 very 
dissimilar petals (upper petal or standard larger than the 
others and inclosing them in the bud, turned back or spread- 
ing ; the 2 lateral petals or ivings oblique ; the 2 lower petals 
coherent by their edges and forming the keel which usually 
incloses the stamens and pistil), usually 10 variously united 
stamens (mostly 9 united into a tube and the upper one sepa- 
rate), and a 1-celled ovary becoming a more or less elongated 
pod. (See Plant Structures, p. 264, Fig. 250.) 

* Anthers of 2 forms ; the stamens all united. 

1. Lupiuus. Leaves palmately 7-11-foliolate ; calyx deeply 2-lipped ; leaf- 
lets entire. 

* * Anthers uniform ; 1 stamen free. 

+- Leaves palmately compound with 3 leaflets ; pods small. 

2. Trifolium. Flowers in a head ; pods membranaceous. 

3. Melilotus. Flowers in racemes ; pods with thick walls, wrinkled. 

4. Medicago. Flowers in racemes or spikes ; pods curved or coiled. 

■*- +- Leaves unequally pinnately compound, without tendrils ; flowers in 
racemes. 

5. Tephrosia. Hoary herbs ; pods linear, flat. 

6. Rolmiia. Trees ; pods linear, flat. 

7. Wistaria. Woody twiners ; pods elongated and thickish. 

+- 4- +- Herbs with abruptly pinnately compound leaves terminated by a 
tendril. 

8. Pisum. Lobes of the calyx leafy ; style flattened laterally, bearded down 
the inner edge. 

9. L.athyrus. Lobes of the calyx not leafy ; style flattened above on the 
back and front, bearded down one face. 

_8_ +. +. +. Twining herbs ; leaves pmnately compound, with 3 leaflets and no 
tendrils ; pods elongated. 

10. Phaseolus. Flowers in racemes ; keel spirally coiled. 

1. LUPINUS (Lupine) 

Herbs with palmately 5-15-f oliolate leaves, showy flowers in terminal racemes, 
a deeply 2-lipped calyx, a scythe-shaped pointed keel, and an oblong flattened pod. 

1. Iiupinus perGnnis. Somewhat hairy ; stem erect, 1-2 ft. high ; leaflets 
7-11, oblanceolate ; flowers purplish-blue (rarely pale), in a long showy raceme ; 
pod broad, very hairy. Sandy soil. 



^g KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



2. TRIFOLIUM (Clover) 

Tufted or spreading herbs with palmately 3-foliolate leaves, usually toothed 
leaflets, small flowers iu heads or spikes, a 5-cleft calyx with bristle-like teeth, a 
short and obtuse keel, and a small membranous pod. 

1. Trifdlium pratense (Red Clover). Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; 
leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at tip and with a pale spot above ; rose- 
purple flowers sessile in dense ovate heads, the corolla elongated-tubular. Mead- 
ows, and largely cultivated from Europe. 

2. Trifdlium reflexum (Buffalo Clover). Stems ascending, downy; leaf- 
lets obovate-oblong, finely toothed ; flowers on short stalks in umbel-like round 
heads, reflexed when old ; tubular part of corolla short, standard rose-red, wings 
and keel whitish. Meadows. 

3. Trifolium re pens (White Clover). Stems slender, smooth, spreading 
and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or only notched, obscurely toothed ; 
flowers on stalks in small and loose umbel-like heads, reflexed when old ; calyx 
much shorter than the white corolla. Fields, everywhere. 



3. ME LI LOTUS (Sweet Clover) 

Herbs (fragrant in drying) with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, toothed leaflets, 
flowers much as in Trifolium but in long racemes, and ovoid tough and wrin- 
kled pods. 

1. Melilotus officinalis (Yellow Melilot). Upright, 2-4 ft. high ; leaflets 
obovate-oblong, obtuse ; flowers yellow. Waste or cultivated ground, from 
Europe. 

2. Melilotus alba (White Melilot). Leaves truncate; flowers white. 
Waste or cultivated ground, from Europe. 



4. MEDICAGO (Medick) 

Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, toothed leaflets, flowers nearly as 'in 
Melilotus, but the pod curved or variously coiled. 

1. Medicago sativa (Lucerne. Alfalfa). Upright and smooth; leaflets 
obovate-oblong, toothed ; purple flowers in racemes ; pods spirally twisted. Cul- 
tivated for fodder, from Europe. 

2. Meclicago lupulina (Black Medick). Procumbent and hairy ; leaflets 
wedge-obovate, toothed at apex ; yellow flowers in short spikes ; pods curved into 
a kidney-form. Waste places, from Europe. 



5. TEPHROSIA or CRACCA (Hoary Pea) 

Hoary herbs with odd-pinnate leaves, minutely pointed veiny leaflets, racemes 
of white or purplish flowers, a 5-cleft calyx, round usually silky standard turned 
back, and linear flat pods. 

1. Teplirosia Virginiana or Cracca Virginiana. Silky-villous with 
whitish hairs when young ; stem erect, simple, 1-2 ft. high, leafy to the top ; leaf- 
lets 17-29, linear-oblong ; flowers large and numerous, in an oblong dense cluster, 
yellowish-white marked with purple. Dry sandy soil. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 47 



6. ROBINIA (Locust) 

Tree with odd-pinnate leaves, ovate or oblong leaflets, showy flowers in hang- 
ing axillary racemes, a short 5-toothed calyx, large round standard turned back, 
and linear flat pods. (See Plant Relations, p. 125, Fig. 131.) 

1. Robinia Pseud acacia (Common Locust). Large tree ; racemes slender 
and loose, with fragrant white flowers ; pods smooth. Commonly cultivated. 

7. WISTARIA or KRAUHNIA (Wistaria) 

Woody high-climbing twiners with pinnate leaves, lance-ovate leaflets, dense 
racemes of large and showy purple or blue flowers, a somewhat 2-lipped calyx, 
large roundish standard turned back, scythe-shaped keel, and elongated thickish 
and knobby stalked pods. 

1. Wistaria frut6scens or Kraulmia frut6scens (American Wistaria). 
Downy when young ; leaflets 9-15 ; flowers lilac-purple, the wings with one short 
and one very long appendage at the base. Often cultivated. 

2. Wistaria Cliin€nsis or Kraulmia Clim£nsis (Chinese Wistaria). 
Racemes long and pendent, with blue flowers; wings appendaged on one side 
only. Cultivated from China or Japan. 

8. PISUM (Pea) 

Smooth and pale herbs with pinnate leaves terminated by a tendril, 1-3 pairs 
of mostly entire leaflets, axillary clusters of showy flowers, a calyx with leafy 
lobes, a rigid style enlarged above and hairy down the inner edge, and flat or flat- 
tish pods with several globose seeds. 

1. Pisum sativum (Common Pea). Leaflets commonly 2 pairs; stipules very 
large, leafy ; tendrils branching ; 2 or more flowers in a cluster ; corolla white, 
bluish, purple, or variegated ; pods somewhat fleshy. Cultivated from the Old 
World. 

9. LATHYRUS (Vetchlixg) 

Herbs with pinnate leaves usually ending in a tendril, axillary clusters of 
showy flowers, calyx-lobes not leafy, style flattened above and bearded down one 
face, and a flat or flatfish pod. 

* Leaflets a single pair. 

1. ILathyrus odoratus (Sweet Pea). Stem roughish-hairy, wing-margined ; 
leaflets one pair, oval or oblong ; flowers 2 or 3 on a long stalk, fragrant, white with 
the standard rose-color, or purple, or variously colored. Cultivated from Europe. 

* * Leaflets more than one pair. 
■*- Stipules large. 

2. L,athyrus maritimus (Beach Pea). Stout, smooth, 1 ft. high or more ; 
leaflets 3-5 pairs, thick, ovate-oblong, 1-2 in. long ; stipules broadly ovate and hal- 
berd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets : flowers large (f in. long), purple, 6-10 
in a cluster. Seashores and shores of Great Lakes. 

-j- +- Stipules small. 

3. Lathyrus venosus. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat hairy ; leaflets 
4-6 pairs, oblong-ovate, about 2 in. long ; stipules very small, half-sagittate, and 
acuminate ; flowers £-f in. long, purple, many in a cluster. Shaded banks. 



48 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

4. L,atliyrus paliistris. Slender, smooth or somewhat hairy ; stem often 
winged ; leaflets 2-4 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, acute, 1-2 in. long ; stipules 
small, half -sagittate, lanceolate, sharp-pointed at both ends ; flowers .] in. long, 
purple, 2-6 in a cluster. Moist places.— The var. myrtifdlius has broader leaflets 
and stipules. 

10. PHASEOLUS (Bean) 

Twining herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, flowers in racemes, 5-toothed 
calyx, spirally coiled keel, style bearded along the upper side, and scythe-shaped 
or straight pods. 

1. Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney, String, or Pole Bean). Leaflets ovate, 
pointed ; racemes of \vhite. purplish, or variegated flowers shorter than the leaf ; 
pods linear, straight. Cultivated for food from tropical America. 

2. Phaseolus perennis or Phaseolus polystachyus (Wild Bean). Leaf- 
lets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; racemes of small purple flowers long and loose; 
pods drooping, scythe-shaped. Thickets. 



XXXIX. GERANIACEiE (Geranium Family) 

Herbs or shrubs with lobed or divided leaves, 5 sepals, 5 
petals, 10 stamens or less, and a deeply lobed ovary whose 5 
carpels separate elastically from the elongated axis when 
mature. 

1. Geranium. Herbs ; petals similar ; stamens 10. 

2. Pelargonium. Somewhat shrubby; petals dissimilar; stamens less 
than 10. 

1. GERANIUM (Cranesbtll) 

Herbs with forking stems, similar petals, and 10 stamens. 

1. Geranium maculatum (Wild Cranesbill). Stem erect, hairy; leaves 
5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and cut at the end ; petals entire, light 
purple, bearded on the stalked base. Open woods and fields. 

2. PELARGONIUM (Geranium) 

Low and somewhat shrubby, with scented foliage, the 2 upper petals differing 
from the others in size or shape, and less than 10 (commonly 7) stamens with 
anthers. Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 

* Leaves crenate or somewhat lobed. 

1. Pelargonium zonale (Horseshoe Geranium). Leaves round and cre- 
nate, with a deep sinus, and usually with a horseshoe-shaped dark zone ; petals 
narrow, scarlet, pink, or white. 

2. Pelargonium inquinans (Scarlet Geranium). Soft-downy and clammy; 
leaves without the zone ; petals broadly obovate, originally intensely scarlet. 

3. Pelargonium capitatum (Rose Geranium). Softly hairy ; the round- 
ish rose-scented leaves moderately lobed ; the numerous small rose-purple flowers 
sessile in a head. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 49 

4. Pelargonium odoratissimum (Nutmeg Geranium). Soft velvety ; the 
fragrant leaves rounded and crenate, small ; the small white flowers on short 
stalks. 

* * Leaves pinnatifid or palmate. 

5. Pelargonium quercifolium (Oak-leaved Geranium). Hairy and 
glandular; leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, with wavy-toothed blunt lobes; petals 
purple or pink, the two upper much the longest. 

6. Pelargonium graveolens (Heavy-scented Geranium). Hairy ; the 
heavy-scented leaves palmately 5-7-lobed or -parted, and the oblong lobes pin- 
natifid ; petals purple or pink. 



XL. OXALIDACEiE (Sorrel Family) 

Herbs with alternate or basal 3-foliolate leaves, regular 
flowers, 5 sepals, 5 petals, 10 stamens usually united at base, 5 
styles, and a 5-celled ovary becoming' a 5-lobed pod. 

1. OXALIS (Wood-sorrel) 

Herbs with sour juice, and inversely heart-shaped leaflets (closing and droop- 
ing at night). 

1. Oxalis violacea (Violet Wood-sorrel). Nearly smooth, from a scaly 
bulb ; leaves all basal ; the naked stems 5-9 in. high, bearing an umbel of several 
violet flowers. Rocky ground. 

2. Oxalis stricta (Yellow Wood-sorrel). Smooth or hairy, from running 
rootstocks ; stems leafy, branching, bearing axillary flower-stalks longer than the 
leaves and with 2-6 yellow flowers. 

XLI. ACERACE^E (Maple Family) 

Trees with opposite simple or compound leaves, small regu- 
lar flowers, usually a 5-lobed colored calyx, petals often none, 
3-12 stamens, 2 long styles, and a 2-lobed ovary ripening into 
a pair of winged fruits. 

1. ACER (Maple) 

Trees with palmately lobed leaves. (See Plant Relations, p. 26, Fig. 20 ; also 
p. 115, Fig. 116. Also Plant Structures, p. 212, Fig. 186). 

1. Acer saccliariiium or Acer Saecliarum (Sugar or Rock Maple). A 
large tree : leaves 3-5-lobed, with rounded sinuses and pointed sinuate-toothed 
lobes, whitish and smooth or a little downy on the veins beneath ; flowers in ter- 
minal and lateral umbel-like clusters appearing with the leaves, drooping on very 
slender hairy stalks ; wings of fruit broad, usually slightly diverging. Rich woods. 
— The var. nigrum (Black Maple) has leaves scarcely paler beneath, the wider 
lobes often shorter and entire. 

2. Acer clasycarpum or Acer saccarhiimiii (White or Silver Maple). 
Ornamental tree ; leaves very deeply 5-lobed, with rather acute sinuses, silvery 



50 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

white underneath, the divisions narrow, cut lobed and toothed ; flowers in lateral 
umbel-like clusters on short stalks, much preceding the leaves; stamens 3-6; fruit 
with large divergent wings. Moist ground. 



XLIL HIPPOCASTANACEiE (Hoksechestnut 

Family) 

Trees with opposite palmately compound leaves, irregular 
flowers, a 5-lobed calyx, 4 or 5 petals, 5-10 stamens, and a 2-3- 
celled ovary becoming a leathery pod. 

1. ifeSCULUS (Horsechestnut. Buckeye) 

Trees with obovate serrate leaflets, flowers in terminal crowded clusters, more 
or less unequal petals on slender stalks, usually 7 stamens, 1 style, and a leathery 
pod inclosing 1-3 very large chestnut-like seeds. (See Plant Structures, p. 235, 
Fig. 218.) 

1. JEsculus glabra (Ohio Bcckeye). A large tree; leaflets 5, nearly smooth; 
stamens curved, longer than the pale-yellow corolla of 4 upright petals ; fruit 
covered with prickles when young. Moist ground. 

2. iEsculus flava or JEsculus octandra (Sweet Buckeye). A large tree 
or shrub ; leaflets 5 or 7, smooth or downy underneath ; stamens shorter than the 
yellow corolla of 4 conniving petals ; fruit smooth. Rich woods. 

3. ^Esculns Hippocastaiium (Common Horsechestnut). Tall ornamental 
tree ; leaflets 7 ; corolla of 5 spreading petals, white spotted with purple and yel- 
low ; stamens declined ; fruit covered with prickles when young. Cultivated 
from Asia. 



XLIIL BALSAMINACE^E (Balsam Family) 

Tender herbs with simple mostly alternate leaves, very 
irregular spurred flowers, 5 or 8 distinct stamens, and a 3-5- 
celled ovary becoming a pod or fleshy fruit. 

1. Impatiens. Leaves not peltate ; stamens 5 ; ovary 5-celled ; pod elas- 
tically bursting. 

2. Troppeolum. Leaves peltate ; stamens 8 ; ovary 3-lobed ; fruit fleshy. 

1. IMPATIENS (Balsam. Jewel-weed. Touch-me-not) 

Succulent herbs with catyx and corolla colored alike and with a spurred sac, 
5 stamens, a sessile stigma, a 5-celled ovary, and a pod which bursts open elas- 
tically and projects the seeds. 

1. Impatiens pallida or Impatiens avirea (Pale Touch-me-not). 
Branching stems 1-4 ft. high ; leaves oval, toothed, petioled ; flowers pale yellow, 
sparingly dotted with reddish-brown, the sac inflated and very obtuse (broader 
than long) and tipped with a short incurved spur. Moist ground. 



REV TO THE FAMILIES 51 

2. Impatiens fiilva or Impatiens biflora (Spotted Touch-me-not). 
Stems and leaves as in the preceding ; flowers orange, thickly spotted with red- 
dish-brown, the sac acutely conical (longer than broad) and tapering into a 
strongly inflexed spur half as long as the sac. Moist ground. 

3. Impatiens Balsamina (Garden Balsam). Low, with crowded lanceo- 
late leaves, the lower opposite ; showy flowers in axillary clusters, varying in 
shade from white to red and purple, often double. Cultivated from India. 

2. TROP^EOLUM (Nasturtium) 

Succulent herbs with pungent juice, peltate leaves, solitary axillary flowers, 
5 sepals united at base and on the upper side extended into a long descending 
spur, 5 petals (the 2 upper different from the others), 8 dissimilar stamens, a single 
style, and a 3-lobed ovary becoming 3 fleshy fruits each containing a single large 
seed. 

1. Tropreolum majus. Leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate toward 
the middle; petals all shades of yellow and red, the three lower and longer stalked 
ones fringed at base. Cultivated from South America. 



XLIV. VITACEiE (Vine Family) 

Shrubs usually climbing by tendrils, with alternate simple 
or compound palmate leaves, small flowers, minute calyx, 4 or 
5 petals with as many stamens opposite them, a 2-celled ovary, 
and fruit a berry usually 4-seeded. 

1. Vitis. Plants climbing by the coiling of naked-tipped tendrils ; leaves 
simple. 

2. Ampelopsis. Plants climbing by sucker-like disks at the tips of tendrils ; 
leaves palmately compound. 

1. VITIS (Grape) 

Shrubs climbing by the coiling of naked tendrils, with simple rounded and 
heart-shaped leaves, very fragrant clusters of flowers with petals falling off with- 
out opening, and a short style or none. 

1. Vitis cordifolia (Frost Grape). Leaves smooth, thin, heart-shaped, lit- 
tle lobed, coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers with a mignonette-like fragrance; 
fruit small, bluish or black, very sour. Moist ground. 

2. Vitis l-abrusca. A tendril (or flower cluster) opposite every leaf ; the 
large entire or lobed leaves and young shoots very cottony, continuing rusty 
woolly beneath ; fruit large, dark purple or amber color. Moist ground. The 
original of the most common cultivated American grapes. 

2. AMPELOPSIS or PARTHENOCISSUS 

Shrubs climbing by tendrils fixing themselves by sucker-like disks at the tips, 
with palmately compound leaves, and thick petals expanding before they fall. 

1. Ampelopsis quinquefolia or Partlienocissus quinquefolia (Vir- 
ginia Creeper. Woodbine). Climbing extensively ; leaflets 5, lance-oblong, cut- 



52 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

toothed, changing to crimson in autumn ; berries small, black or bluish. Low or 
rich ground. (See Plant Relations, p. G3, Figs. 53, 54.) 

2. Ampeldpsis tricuspidata or Fartheiiocissus tricuspidata (Japan 
Ivy. Boston Ivy). Branching profusely and adhering by much-branched ten- 
drils ; leaves very variable, roundish- ovate and serrate or heart-shaped, 3-lobed 
or even 3-foliolate, shining and thickish. Cultivated from Japan. 



XLY. TILIACEiE (Linden Family) 

Trees with alternate leaves, 5 sepals, 5 petals, numerous sta- 
mens cohering in 5 clusters, a single style, and a 5-celled ovary 
becoming a dry and woody globular fruit. 

1. TILIA (Linden. Basswood) 

Trees with soft wood, mostly heart-shaped and serrate leaves (oblique and 
often truncate at base), and small clusters of fragrant cream-colored flowers hang- 
ing on a stalk which is united to a long and narrow leaf -like bract. (See Plant 
Relations, p. 116, Fig. 119 ; also p. 201, Fig. 168.) 

1. Tilia Americana. Leaves large, green and smooth or nearly so. 
Rich woods. 



XLVI. MALVACEAE (Mallow Family) 

Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, 5 sepals united at 
base, 5 petals, numerous stamens united into a column, and 
numerous ovaries united into a ring or forming a several- 
celled pod. 

1. Malva. Flowers with a 3-leaved involucre at base ; petals whitish ; fruit 
a ring of blunt carpels. 

2. Abutilon. Flowers naked at base ; petals yellow ; fruit a pod separating 
into numerous beaked carpels. 

1. MALVA (Mallow) 

Low herbs with a 3-leaved involucre at base of calyx like an outer calyx, 
inversely heart-shaped petals, and numerous ovaries united into a ring around a 
central axis and forming a flattened fruit which separates at maturity into as 
many kidney-shaped blunt carpels. 

1. Malva rotundifdlia (Common Mallow). Stems procumbent : leaves 
round heart-shaped on very long petioles, crenate, obscurely lobed : petals whit- 
ish, twice the length of the calyx ; carpels hairy. Roadsides and cultivated 
grounds. 

2. ABUTILON (Indian Mallow) 

Usually tall herbs with large leaves, calyx naked at base, entire petals, and 
the ripe pod separating into 5 or more 2-9-seeded carpels. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 53 

1. Abittilon Avic6imre or Abutilon Abutilon (Velvet Leaf). Tall, 3-5 
ft. high : Jeaves roundish heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; flowers (1-3) yel- 
low, on stalks shorter than the petioles ; carpels 12-15, hairy, beaked. Waste 
places, from India. 



XLVIL VIOLACEiE (Violet Family) 

Herbs with leaves all basal or alternate and with stipules, 
axillary nodding flowers, 5 sepals, an irregular 1-spurred 
corolla of 5 petals, 5 stamens conniving over the pistil, a single 
style, and a 1-celled ovary becoming a pod which splits into 
3 divisions. 

1. VIOLA (Violet) 

Herbs with sepals extended into ears at base, the lower petal spurred at base, 
the 2 lower stamens bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla, and 
a club-shaped style. (See Plant Relations, p. 117, Fig. 121: also Plant Structures, 
p. 229, Fig. 211.) The following species have been much subdivided, and represent 
groups of species rather than single species : 

* Stipules never leaf -like. 

-?- Leaves all from the rootstock. 

+* Flowers blue. 

1. Viola pediita (Bird-foot Violet). Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-5-divided, 
the lateral divisions 2-3-parted, all narrow ; flower large, 1 in. broad, pale or deep 
lilac-purple or blue. Sandy soil. 

2. Viola palruata (Common Blue Violet). Smooth or hairy ; early leaves 
roundish heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and crenate. the sides rolled inward when 
young ; later leaves palmately or hastately lobed ; flowers violet or purple, the 
lateral petals bearded. Moist or dry ground.— The var. cucullata has the later 
leaves merely crenate, not lobed. 

3. Viola sagittata (Arrow-leaved Violet). Smooth or hairy : leaves vary- 
ing from oblong heart-shaped to halberd-shaped, arrow-shaped or ovate, toothed ; 
flowers rather large, purple-blue, the lateral petals bearded and the spur short 
and thick. Dry or moist sandy ground. 

+- ■*- Flowers white. 

4. Viola blanda (Sweet White Violet). Mostly smooth ; leaves round 
heart-shaped or kidney form : petals white mostly with purple veins, small short- 
spurred, mostly beardless. Damp ground. 

+- +- Stems leafy. 

+* Flowers yellow. 

5. Viola pub£scens (Yellow Violet). Soft hairy. 6-12 in. high ; leaves very 
broadly heart-shaped, toothed : stipules entire ; petals yellow, the lower ones 
veined with purple : spur very short. Woods. 

++ ++ Flowers not yellow. 



54 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

6. Viola Canadensis (Canada Violet). Upright, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves heart- 
shaped, pointed, serrate ; stipules entire ; flowers white or whitish inside, the 
upper petals mostly tinged with purple beneath, the latter ones bearded. Rich 
woods. 

7. Viola striata (Pale Violet). Stems ascending, 6-10 in. high ; leaves 
heart-shaped, finely serrate ; stipules fringe-toothed ; flowers cream-colored or 
white, the lower petals striped with purplish lines, the lateral ones bearded ; spur 
thickish and short. Low grounds. 

* * Stipules large, leaf like, pinnatifid. 

8. Viola tricolor (Pansy). Stem angled and branched, leafy throughout ; 
leaves roundish or the upper oval and the lower heart-shaped, crenate or entire ; 
flowers variable in color or variegated (yellow, white, violet-blue, purple, etc.). 
Cultivated from Europe. 



XLVIIL BEGONIACEiE (Begonia Family) 

Herbaceous or shrubby plants with alternate unequal-sided 
leaves, flowers in clusters on axillary stalks, sepals and petals 
colored alike, numerous stamens, 3 styles, and an inferior 
3-angied ovary becoming a pod. 

1. BEGONIA 

Herbaceous or somewhat woody-stemmed plants with separate staminate and 
pistillate flowers. (See Plant Relations, p. 25, Fig. 19.) Many species are in cul- 
tivation for their foliage or flowers. 

1. Begonia Rex. Leaves all basal from a fleshy rootstock, large, obliquely 
heart-shaped, toothed or wavy-margined, bristly-hairy (especially on petioles), 
silvery-banded or silvery all over above, reddish or purple beneath; flowers rather 
large, pale and rose-colored. Cultivated from Asia for the foliage. 



XLIX. THYMELiEACEiE (Mezekeum Family) 

Shrubs with very,> tough bark, alternate entire leaves, a 
petal-like tubular cftlyx, no petals, 8 long stamens, a sin- 
gle slender style, Jmd a 1-celled ovary becoming a 1-seeded 
berry -like fruit. 

1. DIRCA (Leatherwood. Moosewood) 

Much branched shrub with oval-obovate leaves on very short petioles, clusters 
of 3 or 4 light yellow flowers preceding the leaves, calyx with wavy or obscurely 
4-toothed border, and an oval reddish fruit. 

1. Dirca paliistris. Shrub 2-5 ft. high, with brittle wood but very tough 
fibrous bark. Moist rich woods. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 55 



L. ONAGRACE^E (Evening Primkose Family) 

Herbs with 4-parted (sometimes 2-parted) regular flowers, 
tubular calyx, 8 (or 2) stamens, a single style, and an inferior 
2-4-celled ovary becoming a pod or berry. 

* Calyx- lobes and petals 4 ; stamens 8. 
+- Fruit a pod ; herbs. 

1. Epilobium. Flowers small, not yellow ; lower leaves often opposite ; 
seeds silky-tufted. 

2. (Enotliera. Flowers often yellow ; leaves alternate ; seeds naked. 

+- +- Fruit a berry ; shrubs. 

3. Fuchsia. Flowers showy ; the calyx-tube and petals differently colored ; 
leaves opposite. 

* * Calyx-lobes and petals 2 ; stamens 2. 

4. Circsea. Petals small, white, inversely heart-shaped ; fruit small and 
bur- like. 

1. EPILOBIUM (Willow-herb) 

Herbs with nearly sessile leaves, violet, purple, or white flowers, calyx -tube 
not prolonged beyond the ovary, and pod containing numerous silky-tufted seeds. 
(See Plant Relations, p. 112, Fig. Ill ; p. 113, Fig. 112 ; p. 128, Fig. 134. Also 
Plant Structures, p. 212, Fig. 185). 

1. Epilobium angustifoliuru or Cliaruaenerion angustifdlium (Fire- 
weed). Stem simple, tall, 4-7 ft. high ; leaves scattered, numerous and large, 
lanceolate, nearly entire ; flowers large, purple, in a long raceme. Low grounds, 
especially in newly cleared ground. 

2. OENOTHERA (Evening Primrose) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, yellow, white, or rose-colored flowers, calyx-tube 
prolonged beyond the ovary and with reflexed lobes, and pod containing numer- 
ous naked seeds. 

1. (Enotliera biennis or Onagra biennis (Common Evening Primrose). 
Rather stout and erect, 1-5 ft. high, leafy, more or less hairy ; leaves lanceolate 
or broader, 2-6 in. long, acute or acuminate, toothed ; yellow flowers in a leafy 
spike, opening in the evening ; calyx-tube slender, l-2h in. long ; pods stout and 
oblong, more or less hairy. Common. 

2. (Enotliera triloba or Lavauxia triloba. Nearly smooth, almost stem- 
less, with leaves and flowers clustered ; leaves 2-10 in. long, long-petioled, oblan- 
ceolate, pinnatifid or toothed ; flowers white or rose-colored ; calyx-tube slender, 
2-4 in. long ; petals f-1 in. long ; pod ovate, £-1 in. long, strongly winged and 
veiny. Plains. 

3. FUCHSIA 

Tender shrubs or even trees with opposite or whorled leaves, showy flowers, 
tubular colored calyx much prolonged beyond the ovary and with spreading lobes, 
and fruit a berry. 



56 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Fuchsia niacrostemma. Leaves toothed, on slender petioles ; the red 
to white calyx with tube oblong or short-cylindrical, usually shorter than the 
spreading lobes, which are longer than the obovate violet or blue or deeply colored 
petals ; sometimes with doubled flowers. Cultivated from South America. 

4. CIRCLE A (Enchanter's Nightshade) 

Low herbs iwith opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, racemes of small 
whitish flowers, tubular calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, 2 inversely heart-shaped 
petals, 2 stamens, and a 1-2-celled ovary becoming a small and bur-like fruit. 

1. Circtca Lutetiana. Taller, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves ovate, slightly toothed ; 
hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly. Damp woods. 

2. Circrea alpina. Low, 3-8 in. high, smooth and weak ; leaves heart- 
shaped, coarsely toothed ; hairs of obovate-oblong 1-celled fruit soft and slender. 
Damp woods. 



LI. ARALIACEiE (Ginseng Family) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with characters as in Umbelliferce, 
but with styles usually more than 2 and fruit berry-like. 

1. ARALIA 

Plants with compound leaves, white or greenish flowers in umbels, oblong or 
obovate petals, and 2-5 styles. 

* Stems somewhat woody. 

1. Aralia nudicaulis (Wild Sarsaparilla). Stem scarcely rising out of 
the ground, smooth, bearing a single long- stalked leaf (1 ft. high) and a shorter 
naked flower-stalk with 2-7 umbels ; leaflets oblong-ovate, pointed, serrate, 5 on 
each of the 3 divisions. Moist woods. 

2. Aralia liispida (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder). Stem 1-2 ft. 
high, bristly, leafy, ending in a stalk bearing several umbels ; leaves twice pin- 
nate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, toothed. Rocky and sandy places. 

* * Low herbs. 

3. Aralia trifolia or Panax trifolium (Dwarf Ginseng). Low herb with 
a deep globular root or tuber ; stems 4-8 in. high, bearing a whorl of 3 palmately 
compound leaves, and a simple umbel on a slender stalk ; leaflets 3-5, sessile at 
the summit of the leaf-stalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; fruit yellowish. Rich 
woods. 



LIL UMBELLIFERiE (Parsley Family) 

Herbs with alternate compound leaves having exr)anded 
sheathing petioles, small flowers in umbels, minute or obsolete 
calyx, 5 petals, 5 stamens, 2 styles, and an inferior 2-celled 
ovary which splits in fruit into 2 seed-like fruits. (See Plant 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 57 

Relations, p. 83, Fig. 77; also Plant Structures, p. 267, Fig-. 
253.) 

* Fruit prickly or bristly. 

1. Daucus. Bristly ; leaves pinnately compound ; flowers in large concave 
umbels ; fruit prickly. 

2. Sanicula. Smooth ; leaves palmately parted ; flowers in small heads ; 
fruit prickly. 

3. Osuiorhiza. Smooth or hairy ; leaves ternately compound ; flowers in 
small umbels ; fruit bristly. 

* Fruit smooth ; plants smooth. 

4. Zizia. Plant 1-3 ft. high ; leaflets broad and toothed ; flowers yellow. 

5. Erigenia. Low plant from deep tuber; leaf-segments narrow and entire; 
flowers white. 

1. DAUCUS (Carrot) 

Bristly herbs with pinnately compound leaves, leafy and cleft bracts at the 
base of the umbels of white flowers, and oblong fruit bearing rows of barbed 
prickles. 

1. Daucus Carota. Rays of the umbel numerous ; umbels becoming 
strongly concave. Cultivated from Europe and running wild everywhere. (See 
Plant Relations, p. 120, Fig. 126 ; also Plant Structures, p. 266, Fig. 252.) 

2. SANICULA (Blacksnake Root) 

Rather tall smooth herbs with few palmately parted leaves, irregular umbels 
of greenish or yellowish flowers in small heads, and globular fruit thickly clothed 
with hooked prickles. 

1. Sanicula Marylandica. Stem 1-3 ft. high ; leaves 3-7-parted, the divi- 
sions mostly sharply cut and serrate; sterile flowers numerous and on long stalks; 
styles longer than the prickles. 

2. Sanicula Canadensis. Resembling the last, but with few sterile flowers 
on short stalks, and styles shorter than the prickles. 

3. OSMORHIZA or WASHINGTONIA (Sweet Cicely) 

Glabrous or hairy herbs 1-3 ft. high, from thick aromatic roots, with ternately 
compound leaves, ovate leaflets, white flowers, and linear very bristly fruit with 
prominent tail-like prolongation at base. 

1. Osmorhiza longistylis or Washingtonia longistylis. Smooth or 
slightly hairy ; leaflets 2-3 in. long, variously toothed, acuminate ; style ■& in. 
long or more. 

2. Osmorhiza brevistylis or Washingtonia Claytoni. Villous pubes- 
cent ; leaves as in the last ; style less than half as long. 

4. ZIZIA 

Smooth herbs 1-3 ft. high, with ternately divided leaves (or the basal ones 
simple), broad toothed leaflets, yellow flowers, and ovate to oblong smooth fruit 
with slender ribs. 



58 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Zizia aurea. Leaves 2-3-ternate, the basal very long-petioled ; leaflets 
ovate to lanceolate, serrate ; fruit oblong. Open ground. 

2. Zizia cordata. Basal leaves cordate or rounder, crenately toothed, rarely 
lobed ; stem-leaves 3- or 5-divided, with leaflets as in the last ; fruit ovate. Open 
ground. 

5. ERIGENIA (Pepper-and-salt. Turkey Pea) 

A small smooth spring plant with deep round tuber, simple stem, 1 or 2 ter- 
nately compound leaves, white flowers in a leafy-bracted umbel, and nearly round 
flattened fruit with very slender ribs. 

1. Erigenia bulbosa. Stem 3-9 in. high ; leaf-segments linear-oblong. 
Rich open woods. 

LIIL CORNACEiE (Dogwood Family) 

Usually shrubs with opposite (rarely alternate) simple 
leaves, 4 petals, 4 stamens, a single style, and an inferior 
2 celled ovary becoming a 1- or 2-seeded fleshy stone fruit. 

1. CORNUS (Cornel. Dogwood) 

Herbs and shrubs with entire leaves, small flowers in open clusters or close 
heads, minutely 4-toothed calyx, and oblong spreading petals. 

* Flowers greenish, in a close cluster surrounded by a large and showy 
4-leaved corolla-like white or pinkish involucre. 

1. Cornus Canadensis (Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry). Stems low and 
simple, 5-7 in. high, from a slender creeping rootstock ; lower leaves scale-like, 
the upper crowded into an apparent whorl of 6 or 4, ovate and pointed ; leaves of 
the involucre ovate ; fruit globular, bright red. Damp cold woods. 

2. Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood). Tree 12-40 ft. high ; leaves ovate, 
pointed ; leaves of the involucre large and inversely heart-shaped ; fruit oval, 
bright red. Dry woods. 

* * Flowers white, in flat open clusters, with no involucre. 

3. Cornus stolonifera (Red-osier Dogwood). Shrubs forming clumps, 3-6 
ft. high ; branches (especially the osier-like young ones) bright red-purple, 
smooth ; leaves opposite, ovate, rounded at base, short-pointed, minutely hairy on 
both sides, whitish beneath ; flowers in small loose clusters ; fruit white or lead- 
color. Wet places. 

4. Cornus alternifdlia. Shrub or tree 8-25 ft. high ; branches greenish 
streaked with white, the alternate leaves clustered at the ends, ovate, long- 
pointed, whitish beneath ; flower-clusters very broad and open ; fruit deep blue 
on reddish stalks. Hillside thickets. 

LIV. PYROLACEiE (Pyrola Family) 

Herbs with evergreen foliage, corolla of separate petals, 10 
stamens, anthers opening by pores at base, depressed globose 
5-lobed pods, and otherwise as in Ericacece. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 59 

1. Chimaphila. Steins leafy ; flowers in a terminal flat-topped cluster ; 
style very short. 

2. Tyrol a. Leaves all basal ; flowers in a raceme ; style long. 

1. CHIMAPHILA (Pipsissewa) 

Low plants with long running underground shoots, evergreen thick and shin- 
ing leaves, fragrant flowers in a terminal cluster, and orbicular widely spreading 
petals. 

1. Cliiiuapliila unibellata. Leafy. 4-10 in. high : leaves wedge-lanceolate, 
sharply serrate, not spotted ; flowers flesh color. Dry woods. 

2. Cliimapliila maculata (Spotted Wixtergeeen). Plant 3-G in. high ; 
leaves ovate lanceolate, obtuse at base, remotely toothed, the upper surface varie- 
gated with white. Dry woods. 

2. PYROLA (WmTERGREEN) 

Low and smooth, with a cluster of rounded evergreen basal leaves, a simple 
raceme of nodding flowers on an upright stem, and concave more or less conver- 
ging petals. 

1. Pyrola rotimdifolia. Leaves thick and shining ; flowering stem 6-12 in. 
high, with raceme elongated : lanceolate calyx lobes | or i the length of the obo- 
vate white petals. Damp or sandy woods.— The var. incarnate has flesh-colored 
to rose-purple flowers. 



LV. MONOTROPACE^E (Ixdiax-pipe Family) 

Koot-parasitic herbs entirely destitute of green foliage, with 
corolla sympetalous or of separate petals, and otherwise as in 
Ericacece. 

1. MONOTROPA (Indian Pipe) 

Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, the clus- 
tered stems springing from a ball of matted rootlets, with scales instead of leaves. 
the summit at first nodding but erect in fruit, corolla of 4 or 5 separate wedge- 
shaped petals. 8-10 stamens, and an ovoid grooved pod. 

1. Monotropa unifidra (Indian Pipe. Corpse Plant). Smooth waxy white 
throughout (turning black in drying), 3-8 in. high. 1-flowered. Dark rich woods. 

2. Monotropa Hypopitys or Hypopitys Hypopitys (Pine Sap). Some- 
what hairy or downy, tawny, whitish or reddish. 4-12 in. high : flowers several in 
a scaly raceme, the terminal one usually 5-parted, the others 3-4-parted. Oak 
and pine woods. 

LVI. ERICACEAE (Heath Family) 

Shrubs or small trees with regular sympetalous 4-5-parted 

flowers, as many or twice as many stamens (10 in ours), anthers 

opening by terminal holes (except Epigcea), solitary styles, and 

a superior 3-10-celled ovary becoming a pod (except Arcto- 

5 



60 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



staphylos). (See Plant Relations, p. 200, Fig. 167 ; also Plant 
Structures, p. 269, Fig. 254; p. 270, Fig. 255 ; p. 271, Fig. 256.) 

* Flowers in axillary clusters ; anthers opening through their whole length. 

1. Epigoea. Prostrate or trailing, bristly-hairy ; corolla tubular with flaring 
border. 

* * Flowers in terminal clusters ; anthers opening by terminal holes. 

2. Aretostapliylos. Corolla urn-shaped ; fruit berry-like. 

3. Kalmia. Corolla bell-shaped, with 10 pockets in which the stamens are 
lodged ; fruit a pod. 

1. EPIG^A (Trailing Arbutus) 

Prostrate or trailing somewhat woody plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with 
evergreen rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves on slender petioles, rose-col- 
ored flowers in small axillary clusters, corolla-tube hairy inside and with a flaring 
border, anthers opening lengthwise, and a globular 5-lobed pod. 

1. Epigaea repens. Flowers appearing in early spring, fragrant and close 
to the ground, often hidden by the leaves. Sandy woods or rocky soil. 

2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (Bearberry) 

Shrubs with alternate leaves, nearly white flowers in terminal clusters, urn- 
shaped corolla with a short revolute 5-toothed border, included stamens, and a 
berry -like fruit. 

1. Arctostapliylos Uva-tirsi. Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obo- 
vate or spatulate, entire, smooth ; fruit red. Bare ground and rocks. 

3. KALMIA (American Laurel) 

Evergreen smooth shrubs with alternate or opposite entire thick leaves, showy 
flower in umbel-like clusters, corolla shallow bell-shaped with 10 pockets in which 
the 10 anthers are lodged, and a globose 5-celled pod. 

1. Kalmia latifolia (Calico Bush. Mountain Laurel). Shrub 4-8 ft. high, 
sometimes much higher ; leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate 
lanceolate, acute ; clusters of numerous large and very showy flowers terminal, 
varying from deep rose color to white. Rocky hills and damp soil. 

2. Kalmia angustifolia (Sheep Laurel). Shrub 1-3 ft. high ; leaves mostly 
opposite or in whorls of 3, pale or whitish beneath, light green above, narrowly 
oblong, obtuse ; flower clusters lateral, more crimson and smaller than in the pre- 
ceding. Hillsides. 



LVIL VACCINIACEiE (Whortleberry Family) 

Like Ericaceae, but ovary inferior and forming* an edible 
berry or berry-like fruit. 

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. 

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4-5-celled (or imperfectly 8-10-celled), many -seeded. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 61 



1. GAYLUSSACIA (Huckleberry) 

Branching shrubs, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots, flowers in lateral 
racemes, white tinged with purple or red, like Vaccinium except that the ovary 
is 10-celled, and the berry-like fruit containing 10 nut-like seeds. 

1. Gaylussacia resinosa. Hairy when young, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves oval to 
ovate, thickly clothed as well as the flowers with shining resinous globules, entire; 
bracts and bractlets reddish ; fruit black. Rocky woods and swamps. 

2. VACCINIUM (Blueberry. Cranberry) 

Shrubs with simple leaves, solitary or clustered white or reddish flowers, 
corolla with 4- or 5-cleft revolute border, 8 or 10 stamens with anthers prolonged 
upward into a tube, and a 4- or 5-celled edible berry with many seeds. 

* Corolla 5-lobed ; anthers protruding and with 2 horns on the back. 

1. Yacciniuixi staniineuni (Deerberry). Diffusely branching, 2-3 ft. high, 
somewhat hairy ; leaves ovate, pale beneath ; corolla greenish-white or purplish, 
shorter than the stamens ; berries greenish or yellowish. Dry woods. 

* * Corolla 5-toothed ; anthers included and with no horns on the back. 

2. "Vaccinium Pennsylvanicuin (Dwarf Blueberry). Dwarfed. 6-15 in. 
high, smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrulate with bristle pointed teeth, 
smooth and shining both sides ; berries bluish black. Dry hills. 

3. Vaccinium vaeillans (Low Blueberry). Low, 1-2J ft. high, smooth ; 
leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull at least beneath, minutely serrulate or 
entire ; berries bluish-black. Dry places. 

4. Vaccinium corymbosum (Common Blueberry). Tall, 5-10 ft. high ; 
leaves ovate to oblong, entire or serrate, green and smooth on both sides or pale 
or hairy beneath ; berries bluish-black. Swamps and low thickets. 

* * * Corolla 4-parted ; anthers projecting and without horns. 

5. Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccus macrocarpus (American 
Cranberry). Stems very slender and elongated, creeping or trailing, the flower- 
ing branches ascending ; leaves oblong, obtuse, small, entire, whitened beneath ; 
the pale rose-colored flowers nodding ; berries red, sour. Peat bogs. 



LVIII. PRIMULACE^ (Pkimkose Family) 

Herbs with simple leaves, regular sympetalous flowers, 5 
stamens opposite the corolla-lobes, a single style, a 1-cellecl 
ovary with ovules on a free central axis, and fruit a pod. 

* Leaves all clustered at the base. 

+- Flowers in an umbel ; plants from fibrous roots. 

1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form with spreading lobes ; stamens included. 

2. Dodecatlieon. Corolla-lobes strongly reflexed ; stamens forming a slen- 
der projecting cone. 

+- +- Flowers solitary ; plants from fleshy biscuit-shaped rootstock, 



(52 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

3. Cyclamen. Corolla and stamens as in Dodecatheon. 
* * Stems leafy. 

4. Lysimachia. Flowers yellow ; leaves mostly opposite or whorled. 

5. Sauiolus. Flowers white ; leaves alternate. 

1. PRiMULA (Primrose) 

Herbs with flowers in an umbel, a 5-toothed calyx, a funnel-form corolla with 
spreading lobes, and stamens on the corolla-tube. 

1. Primula Sinensis (Chinese Primrose). Downy plant ; leaves round- 
heart-shaped, 7-9-lobed, variously cut or even crisped ; calyx large and loose, 
much inflated ; flowers in large and showy umbels, purple, rose, or white. Culti- 
vated from China. 

2. Primula granclifldra (True Primrose). Leaves somewhat hairy beneath, 
wrinkled-veiny, cordate or spatulate and tapering into short winged petioles ; 
flowers on slender axillary stalks, yellow ; calyx tubular or bell-shaped, angled, 
not truly inflated. Cultivated from Europe. 

2. DODECATHEON (American Cowslip. Shooting Star) 

Smooth herbs with fibrous roots, a basal cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, 
a single naked stem bearing a large umbel of showy rose-colored or white flowers 
nodding on slender stalks, deeply 5-clef t calyx with reflexed divisions, corolla with 
very short tube and long and narrow reflexed divisions, and anthers approximate 
in a slender cone. 

1. Dodecatheon Meadia. Rich woods, and often cultivated. 

3. CYCLAMEN 

Herbs with flat tuber-like rootstock, and flowers as in Dodecatheon, but soli- 
tary on the stalks. 

1. Cyclamen Europaeum. Leaves thick and heart-shaped, often marked 
with white above and red or violet beneath ; flowers fragrant, rose-colored, pink, 
or white, nodding on the stalk. Cultivated from Europe. 

4. LYSIMACHIA (Loosestrife) 

Herbs with leafy stems, yellow flowers on slender axillary stalks or in 
racemes, 5-6-parted calyx, wheel-shaped corolla with entire divisions, and stamens 
commonly united at base. 

* Stems erect. 

1. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Somewhat hairy ; stem simple, 1-2 ft. high ; 
leaves in whorls of 4 or 5 (sometimes 2, 3, or 6), ovate-lanceolate ; flowers on long 
slender stalks from the axils of the upper leaves: corolla dark-dotted or streaked. 
Moist or sandy soil. 

2. Lysimachia stricta or Liysimachia terr£stris. Smooth ; stem at 
length branched, very leafy, 1-2 ft. high; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, lanceo- 
late ; flowers in a long raceme leafy at base ; corolla dark-dotted or streaked. 
Low grounds. 

* * Steins trailing and creeping. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 63 

3. Lysiinachia Nummularia (Moneywort). Smooth ; leaves roundish, 
small ; flowers large, solitary on stalks from the axils of ordinary leaves ; corolla 
not dark-dotted nor streaked. Cultivated from Europe, and often escaped. 

5. SAMOLUS (Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed) 

Smooth herbs with alternate entire leaves, racemes of small white flowers, 
5-cleft calyx, bell-shaped 5-cleft corolla, included stamens, and a globose pod. 

1. Samolus Valerandi Americanus or Samolus floribunclus. Stem 
slender, becoming diffusely branched, 6-12 in. high, leafy ; leaves obovate or 
spatulate, the basal ones clustered ; racemes often compound. Wet places. 



LIX. OLEACEiE (Oliye Family) 

Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves, 4-cleft calyx or none, 
regular 4-cleft corolla or none, 2 stamens, and a 2-celled ovary 
becoming' a winged fruit or pod. 

1. Fraxinus. Trees ; leaves pinnately compound ; fruit winged. 

2. Syringa. Shrubs ; leaves entire ; fruit a pod. 

1. FRAXINUS (Ash) 

Large trees with compound pinnate leaves of 3-15 toothed or entire leaflets, 
small flowers in crowded clusters from the axils of last year's leaves, staminate 
and pistillate flowers on different plants, small calyx, 4 petals or none, usually 2 
stamens, a single style, and fruit flattened and winged at apex. 

1. Fraxinus Americana (White Ash). Large tree with gray furrowed 
bark and rusty-colored buds ; branchlets and petioles smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceo- 
late to ovate, pointed, pale and either smooth or hairy beneath, entire or sparingly 
toothed ; fruit marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate or wedge- 
linear wing 2 or 3 times as long as the cylindrical body. Rich or moist woods. 

2. Fraxinus pub6scens or Fraxinus Pennsylvania (Red Ash). Inner 
face of outer bark of branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh ; branchlets and 
petioles velvety-hairy ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate to ovate, taper-pointed, pale or 
more or less hairy beneath, almost entire ; fruit with the edges gradually dilated 
into the linear or spatulate wing. Low grounds. 

3. Fraxinus viridis or Fraxinus lanceolata (Green Ash). Smooth 
throughout ; leaflets 5-9, often wedge-shaped at base and serrate above, bright 
green both sides ; fruit as in the red ash. Along streams. 

2. SYRINGA (Lilac) 

Tall shrubs with entire leaves, crowded clusters of fragrant flowers, 4-toothed 
calyx, tubular corolla with 4 spreading lobes, and fruit a pod. 

1. Syringa vulgaris (Common Lilac). Bush with ovate and more or less 
heart-shaped leaves green on both sides ; flowers lilac or pale violet, varying to 
white. Cultivated from Europe. (See Plant Structures, p. 58, Fig. 41.) 



g4 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



LX. APOCYNACEiE (Dogbane Family) 

Herbs or woody plants with opposite entire leaves, regular 
sympetalous flowers with parts in 5s, 2 distinct ovaries or a 
2-celled ovary, and fruit a pod. 

1. Apocynum. Erect ; flowers in terminal clusters ; ovaries and pods 2. 

2. Tinea. Trailing or creeping ; flowers solitary and axillary ; ovary and 
style 1. 

1. APOCYNUM (Dogbane) 

Herbs with upright branching stems, small and pale flowers in flattish clus- 
ters, bell-shaped 5-clef t corolla, stamens on base of corolla and with anthers con- 
verging about the stigma, and 2 distinct ovaries united at tip by the stigma and 
becoming 2 long slender pods containing seeds with a tuft of long silky hairs at the 
apex. (See Plant Structures, p. 272, Fig. 257.) 

1. Apocynum androssemifolium (Spreading Dogbane). Branches fork- 
ing and spreading ; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled ; flower- clusters loose and 
spreading ; corolla pale rose-color, open bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube 
much longer than the divisions of the calyx. Borders of thickets. 

2. Apocynum cannabinum (Indian Hemp). Stem and branches upright 
or ascending ; leaves oval to oblong, sessile or short-petioled ; flower-clusters 
erect and closely many -flowered ; corolla greenish-white, with nearly erect lobes, 
the tube not longer than the divisions of the calyx. Moist ground. 

2. VINCA (Periwinkle) 

Low trailing or creeping plants with axillary and solitary flowers, corolla with 
funnel-form tube and spreading 5-lobed border, stamens on upper or middle part 
of tube, a single curiously capped style, and 2 ovaries which ripen into short 
many-seeded pods containing naked rough seeds. 

1. Vinca minor (Common Periwinkle). Spreading extensively ; evergreen; 
leaves ovate and shining ; flowers blue (sometimes white), with wedge-shaped 
lobes. Cultivated from Europe. Sometimes wrongly called " myrtle. " 



LXI. CONVOLVULACEiE (Convolvulus Family) 

Twining or trailing herbs with alternate leaves, 5 separate 
sepals, 5-lobed sympetalous corolla, 5 stamens, a single style, and 
a superior 2- or 3-celled ovary becoming a globular few-seeded 
pod. (See Plant Structures, p. 270 ; also p. 273, Fig. 258.) 

1. Ipomoea. Style undivided and with a knob-like stigma. 

2. Convolvulus. Style with 2 slender or oval stigmas. 

1. IPOMCEA (Morning Glory) 

Twining or trailing herbs with showy flowers, funnel-form corolla twisted in 
bud, and an undivided style with knob-like stigma. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES g5 

1. Ipomoea purpurea (Common Mor ing Glory). Stems hairy ; leaves 
heart-shaped, acuminate, entire ; peduncles long, bearing a 3-5-flowered umbel- 
like cluster; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla 2 in. long, purple varying to white; 
ovary 3- celled. Cultivated from tropical America. (See Plant Structures, p. 228, 
Fig. 209.) 

2. Ipomoea pandarata (Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-earth). Smooth 
or nearly so, trailing or twining, from a huge root ; leaves heart-shaped, acumi- 
nate ; peduncles 1-5-flowered; sepals smooth; corolla 3 in. long, white with purple 
in the tube ; ovary 2-celled. Dry ground. 

2. CONVOLVULUS (Bindweed) 

Trailing, twining, or erect herbs with funnel-form to bell-shaped corolla, and 
a single style with 2 slender or oval stigmas. 

1. Convolvulus sepiuni (Hedge Bindweed). Smooth or somewhat hairy; 
stem twining or extensively trailing ; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow- 
shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often toothed or 
lobed ; calyx inclosed in 2 broad leafy bracts ; corolla white or tinged with rose ; 
stigmas oval. Along streams. (See Plant Structures, p. 273, Fig. 258.)— The var. 
Ainericanus is smooth and has pink or rose-purple flowers. — The var. repens 
is hairy, with leaves more narrowly arrow-shaped or heart-shaped and the basal 
lobes obtuse or rounded and entire, and white to rose-colored flowers. 

2. Convolvulus arv£nsis (Bindweed). Stems low, prostrate, or twining ; 
leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with acute basal lobes ; calyx without inclos- 
ing bracts ; corolla white or tinged with red ; stigmas very slender. Fields, from 
Europe. 

LXIL POLEMONIACEiE (Polemokium Family) 

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-parted 
sympetalous flowers, 5 stamens on the corolla-tube, a 3-lobed 
style, and a superior 3-cellecl ovary becoming a pod. 

* Erect or diffuse herbs. 

1. Phlox. Corolla tubular with flaring border ; leaves opposite, entire. 

2. Polemonium. Corolla bell-shaped ; leaves alternate, pinnately compound. 

* * Tall-climbing by compound tendrils. 

3. Cobrea. Corolla bell-shaped : leaves alternate, pinnately compound. 

1. PHLOX 

Herbs (rarely a little shrubby) with opposite sessile entire leaves, terminal 
clusters of flowers, narrow tubular calyx, corolla with long tube and 5 flaring 
lobes, and stamens very unequally inserted and included in the tube. (See Plant 
Relations, p. 80, Fig. 746; also Plant Structures, p. 228, Fig. 2106.) 

* Herbs with flat leaves. 

+- Flower clusters oblong. 

1. Phlox maculata (Wild Sweet William). Smooth or barely roughish ; 
stem erect, 1-2 ft. high, spotted with purple ; lower leaves lanceolate, the upper 



gg KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

broader, tapering to the apex from the broad base ; corolla pink-purple, varying 
to white, with entire lobes. Rich woods and moist ground. 

-j- +- Flower clusters flat-topped. 

2. Plilox pilosa. Stems slender, nearly erect, 1-1$ ft. high, usually hairy ; 
leaves lanceolate or linear, commonly tapering to a sharp point, hairy ; corolla 
varying from rose-color to white, its lobes obovate and entire. Dry ground. 

3. Plilox divaricata. Stems spreading or ascending, 9-18 in. high ; leaves 
oblong or ovate, acutish ; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla, obovate and 
notched at the end or often entire. Rocky damp woods. 

* * Somewhat shrubby and creeping ; leaves crowded, very narrow, and rigid. 

4. Plilox subulata (Ground or Moss Pink). In broad depressed mats, hairy 
at least when young ; leaves short, very narrow, and rigid ; corolla pink-purple 
or rose-color with a darker center and wedge-shaped notched (rarely entire) lobes. 
.Dry rocky and sandy ground. 

2. POLEMONIUM (Greek Valerian) 

Herbs with alternate pinnately compound leaves, flattish clusters of blue or 
white flowers, bell-shaped calyx and corolla, and stamens inserted at the summit 
of the very short corolla-tube. 

1. Polemdnium r£ptans. Smooth or slightly hairy ; stems weak and 
spreading, 6-10 in. high ; leaflets 5-15, ovate to oblong ; a few nodding flowers in 
a cluster ; stamens and style included ; corolla light blue about £ in. broad. 
Woods. 

2. Polemdnium cseruleum or Polemdnium Van Kruntiae (Jacob's 
Ladder). Stem erect, 1-3 ft. high ; leaflets 9-21, narrowly to broadly lanceolate, 
mostly crowded ; flowers numerous in a rather dense cluster ; stamens and style 
mostly protruding beyond the bright-blue corolla, wiiich is nearly 1 in. broad. 
Common in cultivation. 

3. COBJEA 

Herbs tall climbing by compound tendrils on the alternate pinnate leaves with 
showy axillary flowers, calyx of 5 large leaf-like divisions, bell-shaped corolla with 
short and broad spreading lobes, and stamens turned downward. 

1. Coba?a scandens. Smooth ; leaflets ovate ; corolla dull purple or green- 
ish, 2 in. or more long ; the long filaments coiling spirally when old. Cultivated 
from Mexico. 



LXIII. HYDROPHYLLACEiE (Waterleaf 
Family) 

Mostly hairy herbs with alternate leaves, 5-parted calyx, 
bell-shaped sympetalous 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens on the 
corolla-tube, a 2-cleft style, and a superior 1-celled ovary 
becoming* a many-seeded pod. 

1. Hydrophyllum. Flowers in flattish clusters ; pod globular, 1-celled. 

2. Phacelia. Flowers in one-sided racemes ; pod ovoid, incompletely 
2-celled. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



1. HYDROPHYLLUM (Waterleaf) 



67 



Herbs with large petioled leaves, flattish clusters of white or pale-blue flowers, 
mostly protruding stamens, and a 1-celled bristly-hairy ovary. 

1. Hydropliyllum Virginicuni. Smoothish, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves pinnately 
divided, the divisions 5-7, ovate to oblong, pointed, sharply toothed ; flower-stalks 
longer than the petioles of the upper leaves ; calyx-lobes bristly. Rich woods. 

2. Hydropliyllum Canadense. Nearly smooth, 1 ft. high; leaves broad, 
palmately 5-7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed ; flower- 
stalks mostly shorter than the petioles ; calyx-lobes nearly smooth. Damp rich 
woods. 

3. Hydropliyllum appendiculatum. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmately 
5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; 
calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus, bristly ; stamens but little protrud- 
ing. Damp woods. 

2. PHACELIA 

Herbs with simple or divided leaves, handsome blue, purple, or white flowers 
in one-sided racemes, stamens often protruding, and an imperfectly 2 celled ovary. 

1. Phacelia bipinnatifida. Stem upright, hairy, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves long- 
petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided, the divisions ovate, acute, lobed ; corolla bright 
blue, with hairy folds within and entire lobes ; stamens and style protruding. 
Shaded rich soil. 

2. Phacelia Purshii. Sparsely hairy, 8-12 in. high ; leaves pinnately 5-9- 
divided, the divisions oblong or lanceolate, the upper leaves clasping ; corolla 
light blue varying to white, with no folds within, the lobes fringed ; stamens and 
style rarely protruding. Shaded rich soil. 



LXIV. BORAGINACEiE (Borage Family) 

Mostly rough hairy herbs with alternate entire leaves, 
5-parted calyx, regular 5-lobecl sympetalous corolla, 5 stamens 
on the corolla-tube, a single style, and a deeply 4-lobed superior 
ovary (except Heliotr opium) becoming 4 seed-like nutlets. 

* Ovary not lobed. 

1. Heliotropium. Corolla tubular with flaring border ; stamens included. 

* * Ovary deeply 4-parted. 
+- Smooth plants. 

2. Mertensia. Flowers trumpet-shaped, purplish-blue, in terminal clusters. 
-*- +- Rough hairy plants. 

3. Cynoglossum. Flowers white, purple, or blue : nutlets prickly. 

4. Litliospermum. Flowers yellow ; nutlets smooth, white and shining. 

1. HELIOTROPIUM (Heliotrope) 

Hairy plants with small flowers in one-sided spikes, funnel-form corolla, 
nearly sessile included anthers, short style, and an undivided 4-celled ovary which 
in fruit splits into 4 nutlets. 



68 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



1. Heliotropium Peruvianum (Common Heliotrope). Stems woody ; 
leaves ovate, very wrinkled, veiny ; spikes in terminal and forking clusters ; 
flowers pale blue-purple and very fragrant. Cultivated from Peru. 

2. MERTENSIA (Lungwort) 

Smooth herbs with pale leaves, handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers 
in terminal clusters, trumpet-shaped corolla much longer than calyx, and fleshy 
dull and roughish nutlets. 

1. Mertensia Virginica (Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Bluebells). 
Very smooth, pale, erect, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves obovate, veiny ; corolla 1 in. long, 
rich purple-blue (rarely white), commonly purple in bud and changing to blue 
when open. Rich ground, and often cultivated. 

3. CYNOGLOSSUM (Hound's Tongue) 

Coarse strong-scented herbs with petioled lower leaves, nearly naked clusters 
of small flowers, funnel-form corolla with tube about equaling the calyx and with 
closed throat and rounded lobes, included stamens, and nutlets covered all over 
with short barbed or hooked prickles. 

1. Cynoglossum officinale (Common Hound's Tongue). Leafy, clothed 
with short soft hairs, branching above ; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by 
a roundish base ; corolla reddish-purple, rarely white ; nutlets flat on the broad 
upper face. Waste grounds, from Europe. 

2. Cynoglossuni Virginicurri (Wild Comfrey). Roughish with spreading 
bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved, 2-3 ft. high; stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, 
clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; flower clusters raised on long naked stalks; 
corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly convex. Open woods. 

4. LITHOSPERMUM (Oromwell. Puccoon) 

Herbs with sessile leaves, solitary and axillary or spiked flowers, funnel-form 
corolla with spreading 5-cleft border, nearly sessile included anthers, and smooth 
and ivory-white bony nutlets. 

1. L.ithosp6rmum hirtum or Lithosp^rmum Gm61ini. Hispid with 
bristly hairs, 1-2 ft. high ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering 
branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate ; flowers distinctly stalked, crowded, showy; 
corolla deep orange-yellow, woolly at the base inside ; fruiting calyx 3-4 times 
longer than the shining nutlets. Barrens. 

2. :Lithosp6rmum canescens (Yellow Puccoon). Softly hairy, 6-15 in. 
high ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper broader, more or less downy 
beneath and roughish above ; flowers sessile ; corolla deep orange-yellow, naked 
at base within ; fruiting calyx barely twice the length of the nutlets. Sandy 
plains and open woods. 

LXV. VERBENACEiE (Vervaik Family) 

Herbs with opposite leaves, tubular 5-toothed calyx, tubular 
sympetalous corolla with flaring* 5-cleft border, 4 included sta- 
mens, a slender style, and a superior ovary splitting into 4 
seed-like nutlets in fruit. 



KEY TO TILE FAMILIES QQ 

1. VERBENA (Vervain) 
Herbs with flowers in spikes or heads, and unequal stamens. 

* Anthers not appendaged ; flowers small, in narrow spikes. 
+- Spikes very slender, with fruits scattered ; flowers white. 

1. Verbena urticifdlia (White Vervain). Minutely pubescent to nearly 
smooth, 3-5 ft. high; leaves oval or ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; flowers 
very small, scattered on slender at length much elongated spikes. Open ground. 

-h- +- Spikes thicker or more densely flowered, with crowded fruits ; bracts 
inconspicuous ; flowers blue or purple. 

2. Verbena angustifdlia, Low, 6-18 in. high ; leaves narrowry lanceolate, 
tapering at base, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes bearing crowded pur- 
ple flowers. Dry or sandy ground. 

3. Verbena hastata (Blue Vervain). Tall, 4-6 ft. high ; leaves lanceolate 
or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the lower often lobed 
and sometimes halberd-shaped at base ; spikes erect, with blue flowers. Waste 
ground and roadsides. 

4. Verbena stricta (Hoary Vervain). Downy with soft white hairs, erect, 
simple or branched, 1-2 ft. high ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes 
thick, somewhat clustered, hairy, with rather large purple flowers. Barrens and 
prairies. 

+■ +- -*- Spikes thick, sessile, and leafy-bracted ; flowers purple. 

5. Verbena bracteosa. Widely spreading or prostrate, hairy ; leaves 
wedge-lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely 
flowered with large often lobed bracts longer than the small purple flowers. 
Prairies and waste ground. 

* * Anthers of longer stamens glandular-tipped ; flowers showy, in heads 
becoming spicate. 

6. Verbena Aubletia or Verbena Canadensis. Hispid-hirsute, 1-1 ft. 
high ; leaves bipinnately parted, the lobes mostly linear or broader ; bracts of the 
spike mostly longer than the calyx ; flowers showy, bluish-purple or lilac, at first 
in a depressed head, but becoming spicate. Plains and prairies, and one of the 
several parents of the cultivated verbenas. 

LXVI. LABIATE (Mint Family) 

Herbs with square stems, opposite aromatic leaves, more or 
less 2-lipped corolla, 2 or 4 stamens, a single style, and a deeply 
4-lobed ovary becoming 4 seed-like nutlets. (See Plant Struc- 
tures, p. 272 ; also p. 274, Figs. 259 and 260.) 

* Stamens 2. 

1. Monarda. Calyx tubular ; corolla strongly 2-lipped ; large flowers in 
whorled heads. 

* * Stamens 4. 

+- Corolla almost equally 4-lobed ; stamens erect, distant. 



YO KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

2. Mentlia. Flowers small, in axilla^ clusters or spicate. 
■*- ■*- Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip concave or arched. 

++ Inner pair of stamens longer than the outer. 

3. Nepeta. Anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip; calyx equally 
5-toothed. 

++ ++ Outer pair of stamens longer than the inner. 

=-- Calyx deeply 2-lipped, reticulate-veiny. 

4. Branella. Cluster of sessile flowers forming a close spike or head. 
= = Calyx almost equally 4-lobed, obscurely nerved. 

5. Synandra. Showy yellowish flowers, axillary. 
= = == Catyx 5-10 nerved and 5-10 toothed. 

6. Marrubium. Stamens included in the short corolla tube. 

7. L-amium. Stamens ascending under the arched upper lip of the corolla. 

1. MONARDA (Horse-mint) 

Odorous erect herbs with entire or toothed petioled leaves, rather large 
flowers in whorled heads closely surrounded by bracts, elongated tubular 5-toothed 
calyx, strongly 2-lipped elongated corolla, upper lip erect and entire or notched, 
lower lip 3-lobed at apex, and 2 elongated ascending stamens. 

* Stamens protruding beyond the upper lip. 

1. Moiiarda diclyma (Oswego Tea. Bee-balm). Somewhat hairy, 2 ft. 
high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, the floral ones and the large 
outer bracts tinged with red ; heads solitary or 2 or 3 ; calyx smooth, nearly naked 
in the throat ; corolla bright red, 2 in. long. Moist woods. 

2. Moiiarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot). Smooth or hairy, 2-5 ft. high ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate, the uppermost and outer bracts somewhat whit- 
ish or purplish ; heads solitarj^ or 2 or 3 ; calyx very hairy in the throat ; corolla 
purple or purplish-dotted, 1 in. or more long. Dry soil. 

* * Stamens not protruding beyond the upper lip. 

3. Monarda punctata (Horse-mint). Minutely downy, 2-3 ft. high ; leaves 
lanceolate, sparsely serrate, tapering at base ; floral bracts yellowish and purple ; 
heads axillary or somewhat spicate ; calyx downy ; corolla yellowish, the upper 
lip spotted with purple. Sandy ground. 

2. MENTHA (Mint) 

Fragrant herbs with small purple or whitish flowers in close axillary clusters 
or spicate, bell-shaped or tubular 5-toothed calyx, corolla with short tube and a 
bell-shaped 4-cleft border (upper lobe largest, entire or 2-cleft), and 4 equal and 
distant stamens. (See Plant Structures, p. 229, Fig. 212.) 

1. Mentha viridis or Mentha spicata (Spearmint). Nearly smooth ; 
leaves lanceolate to ovate, unequally serrate, sessile or nearly so ; flowers in nar- 
row densely crowded spikes, with conspicuous narrow bracts. Wet places. From 
Europe. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 71 

2. Mentha piperita (Peppermint). Smooth or somewhat hairy, very pun- 
gent ; leaves lanceolate to ovate, acute, sharply serrate, petioled ; flowers stalked 
in narrow loose interrupted spikes. Along brooks. From Europe. 

3. NEPETA (Cat-mint) 

Herbs with tubular obliquely 5-toothed calyx, 2-lipped corolla dilated in the 
throat, upper lip erect and notched or 2-cleft, lower lip spreading and 3-cleft (mid- 
dle lobe largest), 4 stamens (outer pair shorter) ascending under the upper lip, and 
anthers approximate in pairs. 

1. Nepeta Cataria (Catnip). Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-shaped, 
oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy beneath, upper floral ones small and bract- 
like; flowers whitish dotted with purple, in rather dense clusters. Near dwellings. 
From Europe. 

2. Nepeta Gleclioma or Glecoma liederacea (Ground Ivy. Gill-over- 
the-Ground). Creeping and trailing ; leaves all alike, petioled, round-kidney- 
shaped, crenate, green both sides ; flowers light blue, few in loose axillary clus- 
ters. Damp or shad} T places. From Europe. 

4. BRUNELLA or PRUNELLA (Self-heal) 

Low herbs with clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round membrana- 
ceous floral leaves and forming a close spike or head, tubular-bell-shaped veiny 
2-lipped calyx (upper lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower 2-cleft), 
2-lipped corolla, the entire upper lip erect and arched, lower lip 3-cleft and 
reflexed-spreading (middle lobe rounded and toothed), and 4 stamens with anthers 
approximate in pairs. 

1. Brimella vulgaris or Prunella vulgaris. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire 
or toothed, petioled, hairy or smooth ; corolla violet or flesh-color (rarely white), 
not twice the length of the purplish calyx. Woods and fields. 

5. SYNANDRA 

Hairy herb with long petioled heart-shaped leaves, showy yellowish flowers, 
bell-shaped inflated 4-toothed calyx, 2-lipped corolla with long tube much expanded 
above, upper lip slightly arched and entire, lower lip spreading and 3-cleft (middle 
lobe broadest and notched), and 4 ascending stamens with hairy filaments and 
anthers approximate in pairs. 

1. &ynandra grandiflora or Synandra liispidula. About 1 ft. high ; 
lower leaves long-petioled, broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin ; floral 
leaves sessile, gradually reduced to bracts, each with a single sessile flower ; 
corolla lb in. long, yellowish- white. Moist shady ground. 

6. MARRUBIUM (Horehound) 

Whitish-woolly bitter-aromatic herbs with wrinkled-veiny leaves, numerous 
flowers in head-like axillary clusters, tubular 10-toothed calyx (teeth more or less 
spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity), 2-lipped corolla, upper lip erect and 
notched, lower lip 3-cleft and spreading (middle lobe broadest), and 4 stamens 
included in the corolla-tube. 

1. Marrubium vulgare. Leaves round-ovate, petioled, crenate-toothed ; 
calyx with 10 recurved teeth, the alternate ones shorter ; corolla small, white, 
Waste places. From Europe. # 



72 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



7. LAMIUM (Dead-nettle) 

Low herbs with lowest leaves small and long-petioled, middle leaves heart- 
shaped and doubly-toothed, floral leaves subtending the whorled flower-cluster, 
tubular calyx with 5 awl-pointed teeth, 2-lipped corolla with dilated throat, upper 
lip arched and narrowed at base, lower lip 3-lobed (middle lobe broad and spread- 
ing, notched, contracted as if stalked at base, the two lateral lobes small and at 
the margin of the throat), and 4 stamens ascending under the upper lip and with 
anthers approximate in pairs. (See Plant Structures, p. 274, Fig. 259.) 

* Low ; flowers small, purple, in few whorls or heads. 

1. Lamium amplexicaule. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or 
cut, the upper ones clasping ; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower 
spotted. From Europe. 

2. Lamium purpureurn. Like the last, but leaves roundish or oblong, 
heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, all petioled. From Europe. 

* * Taller ; flowers larger, in several axillary whorls. 

3. Lamium album. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled ; corolla 
white, the tube curved upward, lateral lobes of lower lip bearing a long slender 
tooth. From Europe. 

4. Lamium maculatum. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked 
with a white spot on the upper surface, and flowers purplish. From Europe. 



LXVIL SOLANACE.SE (Nightshade Family) 

Herbs (rarely shrubs) with alternate leaves, regular 5-parted 
sympetalous flowers, 5 stamens on the corolla, a single style, 
and a 2-celled ovary becoming a many- seeded pod or berry. 

* Fruit a fleshy berry. 

-j- Herbs ; corolla wheel-shaped. 

1. Solanum. Anthers converging around the style and opening by a termi- 
nal hole. 

2. Lycopersicum. Like Solanum, but anthers united at tip and opening 
lengthwise. 

-s- -j- Shrubs ; corolla funnel-form. 

3. Lyciuni. Flowers clustered in the axils. 

* * Fruit a dry pod. 

4. Petunia. Calyx deeply 5-parted with leaf -like lobes. 

5. Datura. Calyx tubular-prismatic, 5-toothed. 

1. SOLANUM (Nightshade) 

Herbs or shrubs with wheel-shaped corolla, protruding anthers converging 
around the style and opening by terminal pores, and fruit a berry. (See Plant 
Relations, p. 26, Fig. 21 ; also Plant Structures, p. 198, Fig. 167a.) 

* Not at all prickly ; anthers blunt. 
-;- Climbing or twining plants. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 73 

1. Solanum Dulcamara (Bittersweet). More or less hairy ; leaves ovate- 
heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with 2 ear-like lobes or leaflets at base; 
flowers purple or blue, small, in small terminal clusters ; berries oval, red. Moist 
ground and around dwellings. From Europe. 

+- +■ Erect herbs. 

2. Solarium nigrum (Common Nightshade). Low, much branched and 
spreading, nearly smooth ; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed ; flowers white in small 
umbel-like lateral clusters ; berries globular, black. Shaded grounds and fields. 

3. Solanum tuberdsuin (Potato). Erect ; leaves pinnate, of several ovate 
leaflets with minute ones intermixed ; flowers blue or white ; berries globular, 
green. Cultivated from Chili for the tubers. (See Plant Relations, p. 76, Fig. 67'.) 

* * Prickly ; anthers acute. 

4. Solanum Carolinense (Horse-nettle). Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, 
with usually numerous stout yellowish prickles ; leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate- 
toothed or lobed ; flowers violet (rarely white) in simple soon lateral racemes. 
Sandy soil and waste ground. 

2. LYCOPERSICUM (Tomato) 

Herbs with rank-scented foliage, pinnately compound leaves, yellow flowers, 
wheel-shaped corolla with very short tube, anthers converging around the style 
and united by a membrane at their tips and opening lengthwise, and fruit a sev- 
eral-celled and many-seeded large berry. 

1. L.ycop6rsicuni esculentuni or Lycopersicon L.ycop<§rsicon. Hairy; 
leaves interruptedly pinnate, the larger leaflets cut or pinnatifid, ovate and 
pointed ; flower clusters short and forked ; berry red or yellow and varying much 
in cultivation. Cultivated from tropical America. 

3. LYCIUM (Matrimony-vine) 

Shrubby and often spiny plants with small entire leaves, mostly axillary small 
flowers, 3-5-cleft calyx, funnel-form corolla, anthers opening lengthwise, a knob- 
like stigma, and fruit a small berry. 

1. L.ycium vulgare. Shrub with long recurved-drooping branches, often 
not at all spiny ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or spatulate, often clustered ; the 
greenish-purple flowers on slender stalks clustered in the axils ; berry orange-red. 
About dwellings. From Europe. 

4. PETUNIA 

Herbs with clammy-pubescent foliage, large and showy flowers, calyx with 
leaf-like lobes much longer than its tube, funnel-form corolla, unequal and 
included stamens, and fruit a pod. 

1. Petunia nyctaginiflora. Stout and flowering at evening ; leaves oval- 
oblong, narrowed into a distinct petiole ; corolla white, the long narrow tube 3-4 
times the length of the calyx. Cultivated from South America. 

2. Petunia violacea. Stems weaker ; leaves ovate or oval, sessile or very 
nearly so ; corolla violet-purple or rose-red, the shorter, broader, and inflated 
tube hardly twice the length of the calyx. Cultivated, from South America, and 
variously modified. 



74 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



5. DATURA (Jimson-weed. Thorn-apple) 

Rank weeds with ovate leaves, large showy flowers in the forks of the branch- 
ing stem, prismatic and toothed calyx, funnel-form corolla with large and spread- 
ing plaited border, a 2-lipped stigma, and fruit a globular prickly pod. 

1. Datura Stramonium. Smooth with green stem ; leaves sinuate-toothed 
or angled ; corolla white, 3 in. long ; lower prickles of the pod usually shorter. 
Waste ground. From Asia. 

2. Datura Tatula. Mostly taller ; stem purple ; corolla pale violet-purple ; 
prickles of the pod nearly equal. Waste ground. From tropical America. 



LXVIIL SCROPHULARIACEiE (Figwort Family) 

Herbs with a 2-lipped or less irregular corolla, 4 unequal 
stamens (sometimes 2 or 5) on the corolla-tube, a single style, 
and a superior 2-celled ovary becoming a many-seeded pod. 

* Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in bud. 
+- Leaves alternate. 

1. Verbascum. Corolla wheel-shaped ; stamens 5, with bearded filaments. 

2. linaria. Corolla tubular, with a spur at base ; stamens 4. 

+■ ■*- Leaves opposite. 

3. Scrophularia. Corolla somewhat globular, with 4 erect lobes and 1 
spreading one. 

4. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and 
inclosing the stamens. 

5. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular ; the 5th or sterile stamen about as long as 
the rest. 

* * Under lip or lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in bud. 
■*- Corolla almost regular ; stamens 2. 

6. Veronica. Flowers blue or white ; leaves chiefly opposite. 

•*- +- Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip narrow and inclosing the 4 stamens. 

7. Castilleia. Basal leaves mostly entire, the floral ones showy and colored. 

8. Pedicularis. Basal leaves pinnately parted, the floral ones not showy. 

1. VERBASCUM (Mullein) 

Tall herbs with alternate leaves (those of the stem sessile or decurrent), large 
terminal spikes of flowers, 5-parted calyx, wheel-shaped 5-lobed corolla, 5 stamens 
with woolly filaments, style flattened at tip, and a globular pod. 

1. Verbascum Tliapsus (Common Mullein). Densely woolly throughout; 
stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of oblong leaves ; 
flowers yellow (rarely white), in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike. 
Fields. From Europe. (See Plant Relations, p. 44, Fig. 36.) 

2. Verb&scum Klattaria (Moth Mullein). Green and smoothish, slender; 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 75 

lower leaves petioled, oblong, serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly 
clasping ; flowers yellow or white with a tinge of purple, in a loose raceme ; fila- 
ments all bearded with violet wool. Roadsides and waste ground. From Europe. 

2. LINARIA (Toad-flax) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, 5-parted calyx, tubular corolla with a spur at 
base and a prominent palate nearly closing the throat, 4 stamens, and a thin pod 
opening below the summit by 1 or 2 pores. 

1. Linaria vulgaris or Linaria Linaria (Butter-and-Eggs. Ramsted). 
Erect and smooth, 1-3 ft. high ; leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous, 
alternate ; flowers yellow, with slender spur, in a terminal raceme. Fields and 
roadsides. From Europe. (See Plant Relations, p. 80, Fig. 74d ; also Plant 
Structures, p. 228, Fig. 210d.) 

3. SCROPHULARIA (Figwort) 

Tall herbs with mostly opposite leaves, small greenish-purple or lurid flowers 
in a loose terminal cluster, deeply 5-clef t calyx, corolla with a somewhat globular 
tube (4 upper lobes of the short border erect, the lower one spreading), and 4 
declined stamens. 

1. Scropliularia Marylandica. Smooth, 3-5 ft. high; stem 4-sided; leaves 
ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded at base. 
Damp ground. 

4. COLLINSIA 

Slender branching herbs with opposite leaves, handsome flowers in clusters in 
the axils of the upper leaves, deeply 5-cleft calyx, deeply 2-lipped corolla saccate 
or bulging at base, upper lip 2-cleft with lobes turned backward, and middle lobe 
of the 3-clef t lower lip sac-like and inclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. 

1. Collinsia v6rna. Slender, 6-20 in. high ; lower leaves ovate, the upper 
ovate-lanceolate and clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; corolla blue and 
white, twice the length of the calyx. Moist soil. 

5. PENTSTEMON 

Herbs branching at base, with opposite leaves (upper sessile and mostly clasp- 
ing), mostly showy flowers in a terminal cluster, 5-parted calyx, tubular to bell- 
shaped more or less inflated 2-lipped corolla, upper lip 2-lobed and lower 3-cleft, 
and 4 stamens with anthers and a fifth represented by a filament. 

1. Pentstemon pub€scens or Pentstemon hirsutus. Stem 1-2 ft. high, 
sticky-hairy ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, the lowest and basal ones 
ovate or oblong, usually toothed ; flower cluster narrow ; corolla dull violet or 
purple (or partly white), slightly inflated, the throat nearly closed by a hairy 
palate ; sterile filament densely bearded. Dry or rocky ground. 

2. Pentstemon laevigatas or Pentstemon Pentstemon. Stem 2-4 ft. 
high, mostly smooth except in the flower cluster ; leaves thicker, glossy ; stem 
leaves ovate to lanceolate, with rounded clasping base, 2-5 in. long ; flower clus- 
ter broader ; corolla white commonly tinged with purple, abruptly and broadly 
inflated, the throat widely open ; sterile filament thinly bearded above. Moist or 
rich soil.— The var. Digitalis has even taller stems, and a larger and more 
abruptly inflated white corolla, 

6 



76 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



6. VERONICA (Speedwell) 

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, blue or white flowers, 4-parted calyx, 
wheel-shaped corolla with 4-parted border, 2 protruding stamens, and a flattened 
pod obtuse or notched at apex. 

* Leaves opposite ; flowers in axillary racemes, pale blue. 

1. Veronica Anagallis (Water Speedwell). Smooth, creeping, and root- 
ing at base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them clasping by a heart-shaped 
base, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate or entire ; flowers with purple stripes ; pod 
inflated, round, slightly notched. Brooks and ditches. 

2. Veronica Americana (American Brooklime). Smooth, decumbent at base, 
then erect, 8-15 in. high ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, serrate, truncate 
or slightly heart-shaped at base ; pod inflated, round. Brooks and ditches. 

3. Veronica officinalis (Common Speedwell). Hairy, with prostrate stems ; 
leaves short-petioled, obovate, obtuse, serrate ; flowers in densely many-flowered 
racemes ; pod strongly flattened, triangular, broadly notched. Dry hills and open 
woods. 

* * Leaves opposite ; flowers in a terminal raceme. 

4. Veronica serpyllifolia (Thyme-leaved Speedwell). Much branched at 
the creeping base, nearly smooth, branches ascending, simple, 2-4 in. high ; leaves 
ovate or oblong, obscurely crenate, the lowest petioled and rounded, the upper 
passing into lanceolate bracts ; flowers whitish or pale blue with deeper stripes ; 
pods flat, rounded, broader than long, obtusely notched. Roadsides and fields. 

* * Leaves mostly alternate ; flowers appearing axillary and solitary. 

5. Veronica peregrina (Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell). Nearly 
smooth or puberulent, erect, 4-9 in. high, branched ; lowest leaves petioled, oval- 
oblong, toothed, the others sessile ; upper leaves oblong and entire, larger than 
the almost sessile whitish flowers ; pod round, slightly notched. In damp soil. 

6. Veronica arvensis (Corn Speedwell). Hairy, 3-8 in. high; lower leaves 
petioled, ovate, crenate ; uppermost sessile, lanceolate, entire ; flowers blue ; pod 
inversely heart-shaped. Cultivated ground. From Europe. 

7. CASTILLEIA (Painted-cup) 

Herbs with alternate entire or cut-lobed leaves, floral leaves usually dilated 
and colored and more showy than the yellow or purplish spiked flowers, tubular 
flattened and usually 2-cleft calyx, 2-lipped corolla with tube included in the 
calyx, upper lip long and narrow and arched and inclosing the 4 unequal stamens, 
and lower lip short and 3-lobed. 

1. Castilleia coccinea (Scarlet Painted-cup). Hairy ; stem simple ; basal 
leaves clustered, mostly entire, obovate or oblong ; stem leaves incised ; floral 
leaves 3-5-cleft, bright scarlet (rarely yellow) toward the summit ; calyx about as 
long as the pale-yellow corolla. Low sandy ground. 

8. PEDICULARIS (Lousewort) 

Herbs with pinnatifid leaves, those of the flower-cluster bract-like, rather 
large flowers in a spike, calyx variously cleft, strongly 2-lipped corolla, upper lip 
arched and flattened and often beaked at apex, lower lip 3-lobed and 2-crested 
above, and 4 stamens under the upper lip. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 77 

1. Peclicnlaris Canadensis (Common Lousewort. Wood Betony). Hairy; 
stems clustered, 5-12 in. high ; leaves scattered, the lowest pinnately parted, the 
others half-pinnatifid ; spikes short and dense ; calyx split in front ; upper lip of 
the greenish-yellow and purplish corolla hooded, incurved, 2-toothed under the 
tip ; pod flat, somewhat sword-shaped. Dry open soil. 

LXIX. BIGNONIACEiE (Bignonia Family) 

Woody climbers or trees with funnel-form or bell-shaped 
5-lobed corolla, 2 or 4 stamens on the corolla-tube, a long style, 
and a superior 2-celled ovary becoming 1 a long pod containing 
winged seeds. 

1. Tecoma. Leaves pinnately compound ; woody climbers. 

2. Catalpa. Leaves simple and large ; trees. 

1. TECOMA (Trumpet-flower) 

Woody climbers with pinnately compound leaves, clustered large flowers, 
bell-shaped 5-toothed calyx, funnel-form corolla, 4 stamens, and a long pod with 
winged seeds. 

1. Tecoma radicans (Trumpet Creeper). Leaflets 9-11, ovate, pointed, 
toothed ; calyx yellowish ; corolla tubular-funnel-form, orange and scarlet, 2^-3 
in. long ; stamens included ; pod oblanceolate, 4-5 in. long. 

2. CATALPA (Catalpa. Indian Bean) 

Trees with ovate or heart-shaped mostly opposite leaves, clusters of showy 
flowers, deeply 2-lipped calyx, bell-shaped swelling corolla with a wavy spreading 
irregular 5-lobed border, 2 or 4 stamens, and very long slender pods with fringe- 
winged seeds. 

1. Catalpa speciosa. Large and tall tree with thick bark ; leaves large, 
heart-shaped, long-pointed ; corolla 2 in. long, nearly white, inconspicuously 
spotted, the lower lobe notched ; pod thick. Low rich woods. 

2. Catalpa bignonioides or Catalpa Catalpa. Low and much branched, 
with thin bark ; leaves similar ; corolla smaller, U in. long, thickly spotted, the 
lower lobe entire ; pod much thinner. Cultivated from the South. 

LXX. PLANTAGINACEiE (Plaktaik Family) 

Herbs with a basal cluster of ribbed leaves, and naked stems 
terminating in spikes of 4-parted sympetalous flowers. 

1. PLANTAGO (Plantain) 

Herbs with 4 sepals, wheel-shaped and 4-lobed corolla, 4 protruding stamens, 
a single slender style with long hairy stigma, and a superior 2-celled pod opening 
by a lid. 

* Leaves broad and strongly ribbed, smooth. 



78 KEY T0 THE FAMILIES 

1. Plantago major (Common Plantain). Smooth or somewhat hairy; leaves 
ovate, oblong, oval or slightly heart-shaped, often toothed, abruptly narrowed into 
a channeled petiole, the strong ribs distinct to the base ; spike dense, obtuse ; pod 
ovoid, the lid opening near the middle ; seeds reticulated. Roadsides and near 
dwellings. Introduced from Europe. 

2. Plantago Rugelii. Leaves as in the last, but thinner ; spikes long and 
slender, tapering at apex ; pod cylindrical-oblong, the lid opening much below the 
middle ; seeds not reticulated. With the last. 

* * Leaves lanceolate and strongly ribbed, mostly hairy. 

3. Plantago lanceolata (Ribgrass. English Plantain). Mostly hairy ; 
the naked flower-bearing stem slender, f-2 ft. high, at length much longer than 
the lanceolate strongly ribbed leaves ; spike dense, very short at first, becoming 
cylindrical. Common. From Europe. 

* * * Leaves very narrow and not strongly ribbed ; plant more or less white- 
woolly. 

4. Plantago Patagonica or Plantago Purshii. From sparsely hairy to 
white-woolly ; leaves 1-3-nerved, narrowly linear to oblanceolate ; spikes cylin- 
drical, very dense, more or less hairy or woolly, with bracts short or much longer 
than the flowers. Prairies and plains. Very variable, and including several 
forms which are doubtless separate species. 



LXXL RUBIACEiE (Madder Family) 

Shrubs or herbs with entire opposite or whorled leaves, 
regular sympetalous 4-lobed corolla, 4 stamens on corolla-tube, 
a single style, and an inferior 2-celled ovary becoming a pod 
or berry. 

* Low herbs. 

1. Houstonia. Erect ; fruit a pod with numerous seeds. 

2. Mitcliella. Trailing evergreen ; fruit a scarlet berry with few seeds. 

* * Shrubs. 

3. Bouvardia. Flowers scarlet, in clusters at the ends of branches ; fruit a 
globular pod. 

1. HOUSTONIA 

Small herbs with opposite leaves, clustered or solitary flowers, 4-lobed calyx, 
tubular corolla usually with flaring border, and fruit a pod. 

1. Houstonia cserulea (Bluets. Innocence). Small and delicate, 3-5 in. 
high ; leaves spatulate ; peduncle slender, erect, 1 -flowered ; corolla with flaring 
border light blue, pale lilac, or nearly white, with a yellowish eye ; pod broad and 
somewhat 2-lobed. Moist and grassy places. 

2. Houstonia purpurea. Smooth or hairy, 8-15 in. high ; leaves varying 
from roundish-ovate to lanceolate ; flowers in small terminal clusters; calyx lobes 
longer than the globular pod ; corolla funnel-form, purplish. Open woods. — The 
var. ciliolata is low, with small leaves, those of the stem spatulate, the basal 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 79 

ones oblong, ciliate and forming a rosette.— The var. longifolia has lanceolate 
to linear leaves, the basal ones oval or oblong and not ciliate. (See Plant Rela- 
tions, p. 129, Fig. 135.) 

2. MITCHELLA (Partridge Berry) 

Smooth and trailing evergreen herb with round and shining petioled leaves, 
white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple and in pairs with their ovaries 
united, 4-toothed calyx, funnel-form corolla with lobes densely bearded inside, 
and scarlet berries which remain over winter. 

1. MifcchSlla repens. Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Dry 
woods, creeping about the base of trees. 

3. BOUVARDIA 

Shrubby plants with opposite or whorled leaves, flowers in clusters at the end 
of the branches, calyx with 4 slender lobes, corolla with a long and slender or 
trumpet-shaped tube and short spreading lobes, 4 anthers almost sessile in the 
throat, and a small globular pod. 

1. Bouvardia triphylla. Leaves ovate or oblong, smoothish, in whorls of 
3 or the upper in pairs ; corolla scarlet, minutely downy outside, nearly 1 in. long. 
Cultivated from Mexico. 

2. Bouvardia leiantha. Leaves more downy; corolla deep scarlet, smooth. 
Cultivated from Mexico. 



LXXIL CAPRIFOLIACEiE (Honeysuckle 
Family) 

Shrubs or herbs with opposite leaves, tubular or rotate 4- or 
5-lobed corolla, 4 or 5 stamens on the corolla-tube, and an 
inferior 4- or 5- (or 2- or 3-) celled ovary becoming a berry, 
stone-fruit, or pod. 

* Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped ; stigmas sessile or nearly so ; flowers 
in terminal flat-topped Clusters ; shrubs. 

1. Sambucus. Leaves pinnately compound. 

2. Viburnum. Leaves simple. 

* * Corolla tubular or bell-shaped ; style slender. 
+- Herbs with axillary flowers. 

3. Triosteum. Flowers sessile in the axils. 
+- +- Erect or climbing shrubs. 

4. Symphoricarpos. Corolla bell-shaped and regular ; berry 2-seeded. 

5. L.onicera. Corolla tubular and more or less irregular ; berry several- 
seeded. 

6. Diervilla. Corolla funnel-form and nearly regular ; pod 2-celled, many- 
seeded. 



gO KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



1. SAMBUCUS (Elder) 

Shrubby plants with pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets, numerous small white 
flowers in large clusters, calyx lobes minute or wanting, urn-shaped corolla with 
broadly spreading 5-cleft border, 5 stamens, and a berry-like juicy fruit. 

1. Sambucus Canadensis (Common Elder). Stems scarcely woody, 5-10 
ft. high with white pith ; leaflets 5-11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 
3-parted, flower clusters flat ; fruit black purple. Rich open soil. 

2. Sambucus racemdsa or Sambucus pubens (Red berried Elder). 
Stems woody, 2-12 ft. high with warty bark and brown pith ; leaflets 5-7, 
ovate, lanceolate, downy beneath ; flower clusters convex or pyramidal ; fruit 
bright red. Rock}- woods. 

2. VIBURNUM (Arrowwood) 

Shrubs with simple leaves, white flowers in flat clusters. 5-toothed calyx, 
deeply 5-lobed spreading corolla, 5 stamens, and a berry-like fruit. 

* Leaves palmately veined, strongly 3-lobed. 

1. Viburnum Opulus (Cranberry Tree). Nearly smooth, upright, 4-10 ft. 
high ; leaves 3-5-ribbed, wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes 
pointed ; marginal flowers of the cluster with greatly enlarged flat corollas ; fruit 
light red, globose, acid. Low moist ground. The cultivated snow-ball bush is a 
form in which the whole flower cluster becomes modified like the marginal 
flowers. 

* * Leaves pinnately veined, coarsely toothed. 

2. Viburnum dentatum (Arrowwood). Smooth, 5-15 ft. high : leaves 
broadly ovate, with numerous sharp teeth ; fruit ovoid, blue or purple. Wet 
places. 

* * * Leaves pinnately veined, finely serrate. 

3. Viburnum Lentago (Sheep Berry). Tree 10-30 ft. high ; leaves ovate, 
strongly pointed, sharply serrate ; flower cluster large ; fruit oval, black, sweet. 
Woods and banks of streams. 

4. Viburnum prunifolium (Black Haw). Tall shrub or small tree ; leaves 
oval, obtuse, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the last, 1-2 in. long ; 
fruit similar. Dry or moist ground. 

3. TRIOSTEUM (Feverwort) 

Coarse hairy herbs leafy to the top, with large entire pointed leaves narrowed 
at base but connate about the simple stem, sessile flowers solitaiy or clustered in 
the axils, narrow leaf -like calyx-lobes, tubular 5-lobed corolla scarcely longer 
than the calyx, 5 stamens, and 3-celled ovary becoming a dry stone fruit. 

1. Triosteum perfoliatum. Soft-hairy, 2-4 ft. high ; leaves oval, abruptly 
narrowed below ; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered in the axils ; fruit 
orange-color. Rich woods. 

2. Triosteum aiigustifolium. Smaller, bristly -hairy ; leaves lanceolate, 
tapering to the base ; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils. 
Rich woods. 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES gl 



4. SYMPHORICARPOS (Sxowberry) 

Low branching upright shrubs with oval short-petioled leaves downy beneath, 
white- or rose-tinged flowers in spikes or clusters, short calyx teeth, bell-shaped 
regularly 4- or 5-lobed corolla with as many short stamens in its throat, and fruit 
a berry. 

1. Symphoric&rpos racemosus. Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy 
spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside ; berries large, white. 
Rocky ground. Common in cultivation. 

5. LONICERA (Honeysuckle. Woodbine) 

Erect or climbing shrubs with entire leaves, often showy and fragrant flowers, 
very short calyx teeth, tubular or funnel-form corolla, 5 stamens, and a 2-3-celled 
ovary becoming a berry. 

1. Lonicera serapervirens (Trumpet Honeysuckle). Twining shrubs ; 
leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs connate ; flowers 
in sessile clusters from the axils of the upper leaves ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 
nearly 2 in. long, deep red outside, yellowish within ; stamens and style a little 
protruding ; berry red or orange. Thickets. Common in cultivation. 

2. !Lonicera grata or Lonicera Caprifolium (American ^YooDBINE). 
Twining shrubs ; leaves smooth, whitish beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs 
united ; flowers .whorled in the uppermost axils, fragrant ; corolla whitish with a 
purple tube 1 in. long, fading yellowish, the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 
4-lobed ; stamens and style conspicuously protruding ; berries red. Rocky woods, 
cultivated. 

3. iLoiiicera Tatarica (Tartarian Honeysuckle). Tall erect shrub or 
straggling shrub ; leaves oval, heart-shaped, obtuse or acute ; flowers in 
pairs, whitish or bluish-red, produced in profusion ; berries red and united. 
Cultivated from Asia. 



6. DIERVILLA (Bush Honeysuckle) 

Low upright shrubs with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, small clus- 
ters of axillary or terminal flowers, calyx-tube tapering at summit and with slen- 
der lobes, funnel-form corolla, 5 stamens, and an ovoid pointed pod. 

1. Diervilla trifida or Diervilla Diervilla. Shrubs 1-4 ft. high ; leaves 
oblong ovate, taper-pointed : peduncles mostly 3-flowered : corolla pale yellow, 
not showy ; pod oblong, long-beaked. Rocky ground. 

2. Diervilla florida (Weigela). Shrub 5-8 ft. high ; leaves ovate-lanceo- 
late, serrate ; corolla showy, rose color, funnel-form with abruptly narrowed 
base ; ovary very slender and pod linear. Cultivated from Japan and China. 



LXXIII. CUCURBITACEiE (Gourd Family) 

Mostly tendril-bearing 1 herbs with alternate palmately lobed 
or veined leaves, often sympetalous flowers, mostly 3 stamens 
usually united by their often tortuous anthers, and an inferior 



82 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1-3-celled ovary becoming" a fleshy fruit with a membranous 
or hard rind. 

* Flowers large, on separate stalks in the axils ; fruit large and fleshy, with a 
harder rind. 

-j- Tendrils forked. 

1. Cucurbita. Corolla large and funnel-form ; fruit hollow. 

2. Citrullus. Corolla deeply 5-cleft ; fruit not hollow. 
+- +- Tendrils not forked. 

3. Cucumis. Corolla of 5, almost separate, acute petals. 

* * Flowers small in profuse clusters ; fruit prickly. 

4. Ecliinocystis. Corolla open, spreading, of 6 petals united at base ; fruit 
dry and bladdery ; tendrils 3-forked. 

1. CUCURBITA (Pumpkin. Squash) 

Herbs with forked tendrils, broad leaves, large flowers solitary in the axils, 
calyx with bell-shaped tube, funnel-form 5-cleft yellow corolla, 3 stamens with 
much curved slender anthers united into a small head, and a large fleshy fruit 
with hard rind. 

1. Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin). Stalks and lobed leaves rough bristly ; 
flower-tube flaring, the lobes pointed and erect ; fruit hollow. Cultivated under 
numerous forms as the field pumpkin, certain squashes, and gourds. 

2. CITRULLUS (Watermelon) 

Herbs with forked tendrils, axillary flowers, short bell-shaped calyx-tube, 
deeply 5-cleft pale-yellow corolla, anthers lightly cohering, and seeds imbedded 
in the edible pulp. 

1. Citrullus vulgaris. Prostrate ; leaves deeply 3-5-lobed ; pulp reddish 
or white, containing dark imbedded seeds. Cultivated from Asia. 

3. CUCUMIS (Melon. Cucumber) 

Herbs with simple tendrils, corolla of 5 almost separate acute petals, separate 
stamens, and large fruit with fleshy rind. 

1. Cucuinis Melo (Muskmelon. Cantaloupe). Leaves round heart-shaped, 
the lobes (if any) rounded ; fruit with smooth rind and sweet flesh, the edible part 
being the inner rind. Cultivated from Asia. 

2. Cucumis sativus (Cucumber). Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes 
acute, the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or spiny when 
young, smooth when mature. Cultivated from Asia. 

4. ECHINOCYSTIS or MICRAMPELIS (Wild Cucumber) 

Tall climbing herbs with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, very numerous small 
greenish-white flowers, 6 petals united at base into an open spreading corolla, 
anthers more or less united, and a 2-celled ovary which ripens into a fleshy at 
length dry bladdery fruit clothed with weak prickles, the inner part fibrous-netted. 



KEY TO TILE FAMILIES 83 

1. Eehinocystis lobiita or Micrampelis lobata. Leaves deeply and 
sharply 5-lobed ; fruit oval, 2 in. long. Rich soil along streams, also cultivated 
for arbors. 



LXXIV. CAMPANULACEiE (Campanula Family) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, bell-shaped or wheel-shaped 
usually blue and showy corolla, 5 separate stamens, a single 
style, and a 3-5-celled ovary becoming- a many-seeded pod. 

1. Specularia. Flowers sessile in the axils of the roundish clasping leaves ; 
filaments hairy. 

2. Campanula. Flowers on slender stalks or in terminal spikes ; filaments 
smooth. 

1. SPECULARIA or LEGOUZIA (Venus Looking-glass) 

Low herbs with axillary blue or purplish flowers, 5-lobed calyx, wheel- shaped 
5-lobed corolla, hairy filaments, and a 3 celled oblong pod opening on the side by 
3 holes. 

1. Specularia perfoliata or Legouzia perfoliata. Somewhat hairy. 3-20 
in. high ; leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; 
flowers sessile, solitary or 2-3 together, only the upper ones with a conspicuous 
corolla ; pod opening rather below the middle. Sterile open ground. 

2. CAMPANULA (Bellflower) 

Herbs with terminal or axillary flowers, 5-cleft calyx, usually bell-shaped 
5-lobed corolla, broad filaments, and a 3- or 5-celled short pod opening on the side 
by as many holes. (See Plant Relations, p. 19, Fig. 13; p. 80, Fig. 74a. Also Plant 
Structures, p. 228, Fig. 210a). 

* Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3. 

+■ Flowers few, on slender stalks ; stem-leaves narrow. 

1. Campanula rotunclifdlia (Harebell). Mostly smooth, slender, branch- 
ing, 5-12 in. high, 1-10-flowered ; basal leaves round-heart-shaped or oval, long- 
petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceo- 
late, entire, smooth ; calyx-lobes awl-shaped ; corolla bright blue ; style straight ; 
pod nodding ; its openings below the middle. Shaded rocky ground. 

2. Campanula aparinoides (Marsh Bellflower). Rough backward on 
the stem-angles and leaf-margins, simple, slender and weak, 8-20 in. high ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; flowers on diverging stalks ; calyx-lobes tri- 
angular ; corolla nearly white ; style straight ; pod erect, its openings below the 
middle. Wet grassy ground. 

■*- +■ Flowers in a long spike ; stem-leaves broad. 

3. Campanula Americana (Tall Bellflower). Stem mostly simple, 3-6 
ft. high ; leaves ovate to lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, thin, somewhat hairy, 
2i-6 in. long; light-blue flowers in spikes 1-2 ft. long; style declined and upwardly 

6* 



84 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

curved, much longer than the wheel-shaped corolla ; openings of pod close to the 

summit. Moist rich soil. 

* * Stigmas and cells of the ovary 5. * 

4. Campanula Medium (Canterbury Bells). Erect, branching, hairy; 

leaves coarsely toothed ; flowers oblong bell-shaped, 2-3 in. long, blue varying to 

white ; calyx with reflexed leafy appendages. Cultivated from Europe. 



LXXV. CICHORIACEiE (Chicoky Family) 

Like Compositce, but all the flowers of the head with strap- 
shaped corollas. In ours the flowers are yellow. 

1. Krigia. Akene flat-topped ; pappus a mixture of scales and bristles. 

2. Taraxacum. Akene prolonged into a very slender beak bearing the soft 
white pappus. 

1. KRIGIA or ADOPOGON (Dwarf Dandelion) 

Small herbs, branched from the base, with chiefly basal and lyrate or toothed 
leaves, small beads of flowers terminating naked stems or branches, several thin 
involucral scales in about 2 rows, short flat-topped akenes, and a double pappus 
(outer chaffy scales, inner delicate bristles). 

1. Krigia Virg-inica or Adopogon Carolinianum. Stems several, 1-10 
in. high, becoming branched and leafy ; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the 
others narrower and often pinnatifid ; pappus of 5-7 scales and as many bristles. 
Moist ground. 

2. Krigia amplexicaulis or Adopogon Virginicum. Stem 1-2 ft. high ; 
stem-leaves 1-3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire ; basal leaves on short- 
winged petioles, often toothed ; pappus of 10-15 scales and 15-20 bristles. Moist 
ground. 

2. TARAXACUM (Dandelion) 

Herbs with a basal rosette of pinnatifid leaves, large and solitary heads on 
slender hollow stems, double involucre (outer short scales, inner long and narrow 
erect scales in a single row), and an oblong ribbed akene prolonged into a very 
slender beak bearing the soft white pappus. 

1. Taraxacum officinale or Taraxacum Taraxacum. Smooth or at 
first hairy ; outer involucre reflexed ; inner involucre at first erect, but reflexed in 
fruit and exposing the globular head of pappus. Everywhere. From Europe. 
(See Plant Relations, p. 114, Fig. 113 ; also Plant Structures, p. 213, Fig. 187 ; 
p. 277, Fig. 262 ; p. 278, Fig. 263.) 



LXXYI. COMPOSITE (Composite Family) 

The greatest family of flowering 1 plants, chiefly blooming 
in summer and autumn, with flowers collected in a head which 
is surrounded by a rosette of bracts (involucre), the marginal 
flowers (rays) usually with strap-shaped conspicuous corollas, 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 85 

the inner flowers (forming the disk) tubular and 5-toothed, 
calyx in the form of hairs, bristles, teeth, scales, etc. (pappus), 
5 stamens united by their anthers, a 2-cleft style, and an inferior 
ovary becoming a dry seed-like akene. (See Plant Structures, 
p. 275 ; also p. 276, Fig. 261.) 

* Ray-flowers white or purple. 
+- Disk flat, yellow. 

1. Erigeron. Leaves entire or toothed ; pappus of hair-like bristles. 

2. Chrysanthemum. Leaves pinnately cut ; pappus none. 

+■ -r- Disk conical, purplish. 

3. Echinacea. Rays very long, rose-purple, drooping ; pappus a small- 
toothed border. 

* * Ray-flowers yellow. 

4. Rudbeckia. Involucre of spreading leaf-like bracts ; disk dark and 
hemispherical ; pappus none. 

5. Senecio. Involucre of narrow erect bracts ; disk yellow and flat ; pappus 
of copious soft white hairs. 

1. ERIGERON (Fleabane) 

Herbs with entire or toothed leaves, solitary or clustered heads on naked 
peduncles, about equal and narrow involucral scales, white or purple rays, yellow 
disk, flattened akenes, and pappus of hair-like bristles. 

1. Erigeron bellidifolius or Erigeron pulch.611us (Robins Plantain). 
Hairy, producing offsets at base ; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few 
large heads on slender stalks ; basal leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly 
toothed ; stem-leaves distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire ; rays 
(about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple. Thickets and moist ground. 

2. Erigeron Pliilad61phicus (Common Fleabane). Hairy ; stem leaf}^, 
branching above, bearing several small heads ; leaves thin, oblong, the upper ones 
smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate 
and toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color. Moist 
ground. 

3. Erigeron annuus (Daisy Fleabane). Stem stout, 3-5 ft. high, branched, 
beset with spreading hairs ; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed, the lowest ovate 
and tapering into a margined petiole ; rays numerous, white tinged with purple, 
not twice the length of the bristly involucre. Fields and waste places. 

4. Erigeron strigosus or Erigeron ramosus (Daisy Fleabane). Stem 
smaller and simpler, roughish like the leaves with minute flattened hairs, or 
almost smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate and scattered, the 
lowest oblong or spatulate and tapering to a slender petiole ; rays numerous, 
white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre. Fields and waste places. 

2. CHRYSANTHEMUM (Ox-eye Daisy) 

Herbs with pinnately cut leaves, single or clustered heads, overlapping invo- 
lucral scales, white rays, yellow and flat disk, striate akenes, and no pappus. 



gg KEY TO THE FAMILIES 

1. Chrysanthemum Leuc&nthemam (Marguerite. White Daisy). Stem 
erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head ; basal leaves 
spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or toothed. Fields and 
meadows. From Europe. 

3. ECHINACEA or BRAUNERIA (Purple Cone-flower) 

Herbs with chiefly alternate leaves, stout and nearly simple stems naked 
above and terminated by a single large head, lanceolate involucral scales over- 
lapping and spreading, very long rose-purple drooping rays, conical purplish disk, 
thick and short 4-sided akenes, and pappus a small toothed border. 

1. Echinacea purpurea or Brauneria purpurea. Stem smooth or 
rough-bristly as well as the leaves ; leaves rough, often serrate, the lowest ovate, 
5-nerved, long-petioled, the others ovate-lanceolate ; rays 15-20, dull purple to 
whitish, 1-2 in. long or more. Prairies. 

2. Echinacea angustifdlia or Brauneria pallida. Stem (as well as the 
leaves) bristly-hairy, slender ; leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, alternate 
at base, 3-nerved, entire ; rays 12-15, rose-color or red, 2 in. long. Prairies. 

4. RUDBECKIA (Cone-flower) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, showy terminal heads, leaf-like and spreading 
involucral scales, long yellow rays, hemispherical to oblong dark disk with short 
chaff, 4-sided smooth akenes, and no pappus. 

1. Rudh6ckia hirta. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems sim- 
ple or branched near the base, stout, 1-2 ft. high, naked above, bearing single large 
heads ; leaves nearly entire, the upper oblong or lanceolate, the lower spatulate ; 
disk dull brown. Dry soil. 

5. SENECIO (Groundsel) 

Herbs with alternate leaves, solitary or clustered heads of yellow flowers, 
cylindrical simple involucre of erect more or less united scales, and pappus of 
very numerous soft and slender white hairs. (See Plant Relations, p. 114, Fig. 
114.) 

1. Senecio lobatus (Butter-weed). Rather tall ; leaves smooth or soon 
becoming so, somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate 
or cut-lobed, variable ; heads small, in a naked flat-topped cluster ; rays 6-12, con- 
spicuous. Wet ground. 

2. Sen&cio aureus (Squaw-weed). Smooth or woolly when young, 1-3 ft. 
high ; leaves thin, the basal ones simple and rounded (larger ones mostly heart- 
shaped), crenate-toothed, long-petioled ; lower stem-leaves lyrate : upper leaves 
lanceolate, pinnately cut. sessile or partly clasping ; heads in an umbel-like clus- 
ter ; rays 8-12. Very common. — The var. obovatus has thicker basal leaves 
round-obovate with a wedge-shaped or truncate base.— The var. Balsamitae has 
lanceolate, spatulate, or oblong basal leaves narrowed to a petiole and serrate. 



INDEX 



Abutilon, 52. 
Acer, 49. 
Aceraceae, 49. 
Acorus, 8. 
Adopogon, 84. 
iEsculus, 50. 
Alder, 22. 
Alfalfa, 46. 
Alisma, 6. 
Alismaceae, 6. 
Allium, 10. 
Alnus, 22. 
Alsine, 27. 
Alum-root, 39. 
Alyssum, 36. 
Amaryllidaceae, 15. 
Amaryllis Family, 15. 
Ainelanchier, 43. 
American Cowslip, 62. 
American Laurel, 60. 
Ampelopsis, 51. 
Anemone, 29. 
Anemonella, 30. 
Anonaceas, 27. 
Apocynum, 64. 
Apocynaceae, 64. 
Apple, 43. 
Apple Family, 43. 
Aquilegia, 31. 
Araceae, 7. 
Aralia, 56. 
Araliaceae, 56. 
Arctostaphylos, 60. 
Arethusa, 18. 
Argemone, 34. 
Arisaema, 7. 
Aristolochiaceae, 24. 
Arrowhead, 6. 
Arrowwood, 80. 



Arum Family, 7. 
Asarum, 24. 
Ash, 63. 
Asimina, 27. 
Aspen, 20. 
Avens, 41. 

Balsam, 50. 
Balsam Family, 50. 
Balsaminaceae, 50. 
Barberry, 32. 
Barberry Family, 31. 
Basswood, 52. 
Bean, 48. 
Bearberry, 60. 
Bee-balm, 70. 
Beech, 22. 
Beech Family, 22. 
Begonia, 54. 
Begoniaceae, 54. 
Begonia Family, 54. 
Belamcanda, 16. 
Bellflower, 83. 
Bellwort, 8. 
Bellwort Family, 8. 
Benzoin, 33. 
Berberidaceae, 31. 
Berberis, 32. 
Bergamot, 70. 
Betula, 21. 
Betulaceae, 21. 
Bicuculla, 34. 
Bignoniaceae, 77. 
Biguonia Family, 77. 
Bindweed, 65. 
Birch. 21. 
Birch Family, 21. 
Birth wort Family, 24. 
Bishop-cap, 39. 



87 



88 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



Bitter Cress, 36. 
Bittersweet, 73. 
Blackberry Lily, 16. 
Black Haw, 80. 
Blacksnake Root, 57. 
Bleeding Heart, 35. 
Bloodroot, 33. 
Bluebells, 68. 
Blueberry, 61. 
Blue-eyed Grass, 16. 
Borage Family, 67. 
Boraginaceee, 67. 
Bouncing Bet, 26. 
Bouvardia, 79. 
Bramble, 41. 
Brauneria, 86. 
Brook-weed, 63. 
Brunella, 71. 
Buckeye, 50. 
Buckwheat, 25. 
Buckwheat Family, 24. 
Bur-reed, 6. 
Bur-reed Family, 6. 
Bursa, 36. 

Bush Honeysuckle, 81. 
Butter-and-Eggs, 75. 
Buttercup, 30. 
Butternut, 19. 

Caesalpinaceae, 44. 
Calamus, 8. 
Calico Bush, 60. 
Calopogon, 18. 
Caltha, 31. 
Calypso, 18. 
Camassia, 11. 
Campanula, 83. 
Campanulaceae, 83. 
Campanula Family, 83. 
Candytuft, 37. 
Cantaloupe, 82. 
Canterbury Bells, 84. 
Caper Family, 37. 
Capnoides, 35. 
Capparidaceae, 37. 
Caprifoliaceae, 79. 
Capsella, 36. 
Cardamine, 36. 
Carnation, 26. 
Carrot, 57. 
Carya, 20. 

Caryophyllacese, 26. 
Castilleia, 76. 



Catalpa, 77. 
Catchfly, 26. 
Cat-mint, 71. 
Catnip, 71. 
Cat-tail Family, 5. 
Cat-tail Flag, 5. 
Celandine Poppy, 34. 
Celtis, 23. 
Cercis, 44. 
Cherry, 44. 
Chick weed, 27. 
Chicory Family, 84. 
Chimaphila, 59. 
Chrysanthemum, 85. 
Cichoriaceae, 84. 
Cinquefoil, 42. 
Circaea, 56. 
Citrullus, 82. 
Claytonia, 25. 
Clematis, 28. 
Cleome, 37. 
Clintonia, 12. 
Clover, 46. 
Cobaea, 66. 
Cockle, 27. 
Collinsia, 75. 
Columbine, 31. 
Comfrey, 68. 
Commelinacese, 8. 
Compositae, 84. 
Composite Family, 84. 
Cone-flower, 86. 
Convallaria, 13. 
Convallariaceae, 12. 
Convolvulaceae, 64. 
Convolvulus, 65. 
Convolvulus Family, 64. 
Corallorhiza, 18. 
Coral-root, 18. 
Cornaceae, 58. 
Cornel, 58. 
Cornus, 58. 
Corpse Plant, 59. 
Corydalis, 35. 
Corylus, 22. 
Cottonwood, 21. 
Cracca, 46. 
Cranberry, 61. 
Cranesbill, 48. 
Crassulaceag, 38. 
Crocus, 17. 
Crowfoot, 30. 
Crowfoot Family ^* 



INDEX 



89 



Cruci ferae, 35. 
Cucumber, 82. 
Cueuinis. 82. 
Cucurbita, 82. 
Cucurbitaeeae, 81. 
Currant, 40. 

Custard-apple Family, 27. 
Cyclamen, 62. 
Cynoglossum, 68. 
Cypripedium, 18. 

Daisy, 86. 
Dandelion, 84. 
Datura, 74. 
Daucus, 57. 
Day Lily, 11. 
Dead-nettle, 72. 
Delphinium, 31. 
Dentaria, 35. 
Deutzia, 39. 
Dianthus, 26. 
Dicentra, 34. 
Diervilla, 81. 
Dirca, 54. 
Disporum, 12. 
Ditch Stonecrop, 38. 
Dock, 24. 
Dodecatheon, 62. 
Dogbane, 64. 
Dogbane Family, 64. 
Dog-tooth Violet, 10. 
Dogwood, 58. 
Dogwood Family, 58. 
Drupaceae, 44. 
Dutchman's Breeches, 34. 
Dwarf Dandelion, 84. 

Echinacea, 86. 

Echinocystis, 82. 

Elder, 80. 

Elm, 23. 

Elm Family, 23. 

Enchanter's Nightshade, 56. 

Epigaea, 60. 

Epilobium, 55. 

Ericaceae, 59. 

Erigenia, 58. 

Erigeron, 85. 

Erysimum, 36. 

Erythronium, 10. 

Eschscholtzia, 34. 

Evening Primrose, 55. 

Evening Primrose Family, 55. 



Fagaceae, 22. 
Fagopyrum, 25. 
Fagus, 22. 

False Solomon's Seal, 12. 
Feverwort, 80. 
Figwort, 75. 
Figwort Family, 74. 
Fireweed, 55. 
Five-finger, 42. 
Flag, 16. 
Fleabane, 85. 
Flower-de-Luce, 16. 
Fragaria, 42. 
Fraxinus, 63. 
Fuchsia, 55. 
Funkia, 11. 

Galanthus, 15. 
Garlic, 10. 
Gaylussacia, 61. 
Gemmingia, 16. 
Geraniaceae, 48. 
Geranium, 48. 
Geranium Family, 48. 
Geum, 41. 

Gill-over- the-Ground, 71. 
Ginseng Family, 56. 
Gourd Family, 81. 
Gooseberry, 40. 
Gooseberry Family, 40. 
Grape, 51. 
Greek Valerian, 66. 
Gromwell, 68. 
Grossulariaceae, 40. 
Ground Ivy, 71. 
Groundsel, 86. 

Hackberry, 23. 
Harebell, 83. 
Hazelnut, 22. 
Heath Family, 59. 
Heliotrope, 67. 
Heliotropium, 67. 
Hemerocallis, 11. 
Hepatica, 29. 
Heuchera, 39. 
Hickory, 20. 
Hicoria, 20. 
Hippocastanaceae, 50. 
Hoary Pea, 46. 
Honeysuckle, 81. 
Honeysuckle Family, 79. 
Horehound, 71. 



90 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



Horsechestnut, 50. 
Horsechestnut Family, 50. 
Horse-mint. 70. 
Hound's Tongue, 68. 
Houstonia, 78. 
Huckleberry. 01. 
Hyacinth, 11. 
Hyacinthus, 11. 
Hydrophyllaceae. 66. 
Hydrophyllum, 67. 

Iberis. 37. 
Impatiens, 50. 
Indian Bean, 77. 
Indian Mallow. 52. 
Indian Pipe, 59. 
Indian Pipe Family, 59. 
Ipomcea. 64. 
Iridaceae, 16. 
Iris, 16. 

Iris Family, 16. 
Isopyrum, 30. 

Jacob's Ladder, 66. 
Jeffersonia, 32. 
Jewel-weed, 50. 
Jimson-weed, 74. 
Judas-tree, 44. 
Juglandacea?, 19. 
Juglans, 19. 
June-berry, 43. 

Kalmia, 60. 
Knotweed, 25. 
Koniga, 36. 
Krauhnia, 47. 
Krigia, 84. 

Labiatae, 69. 
Lady-slipper, 18. 
Lamium, 72. 
Larkspur, 31. 
Lathyrus, 47. 
Lauraceae, 32. 
Laurel Family, 32. 
Leatherwood, 54. 
Legouzia, 83. 
Lepidium, 37. 
Leptorchis, 17. 
Leucoium, 15. 
Lilac, 63. 
Liliaceae, 9. 
Lilium, 10. 



Lily, 10. 

Lily Family, 9. 

Lily of the Valley, 13. 

Lily of the Valley Family, 12. 

Limodorum, 18. 

Linaria, 75. 

Linden, 52. 

Linden Family, 52. 

Lindera, 33. 

Liparis. 17. 

Lithospermum, 68. 

Liver-leaf, 29. 

Lizard-tail, 19. 

Lizard-tail Family, 19. 

Locust, 47. 

Lonicera, 81. 

Loosestrife, 62. 

Lousewort, 76. 

Lucerne, 46. 

Lupine, 45. 

Lupinus, 45. . 

Lungwort, 68. 

Lychnis, 27. 

Lycium, 73. 

Lycopersicum, 73. 

Lysimachia, 62. 

Madder Family, 78. 
Maianthemum, 13. 
Mallow, 52. 
Mallow Family, 52. 
Malva, 52. 
Malvaceae, 52. 
Mandrake, 32. 
Maple, 49. 
Maple Family, 49. 
Marguerite, 86. 
Marrubium. 71. 
Marsh-marigold. 31. 
Matrimony-vine, 73. 
May-apple. 32. 
Meadow-rue, 30. 
Medicago, 46. 
Medick, 46. 
Melanthaceae, 8. 
Melilotus, 46. 
Melon, 82. 
Mentha, 70. 
Mertensia, 68. 
Mezereum Family, 54. 
Micrampelis, 82. 
Mint, 70. 
Mint Family, 69. 



INDEX 



91 



Mitehella, 79. 
Mitella, 39. 
Mitre wort, 39. 
Moccasin Flower, 18. 
Monarda, 70. 
Mouotropa, 59. 
Monotropaceas, 59. 
Moosewood, 54. 
Moraceae, 23. 
Morning Glory, 64. 
Moras, 23. 
Mulberry, 23. 
Mulberry Family, 23. 
Mullein, 74. 
Muskmelon, 82. 
Mustard Family, 35. 

Narcissus, 15. 
Nasturtium, 36, 51. 

Nepeta, 71. 
Nettle, 73. 
Nightshade, 72. 
Nightshade Family, 72. 

Oak, 22. 
Oakesia, 9. 
CEnothera, 55. 
Oleaceae, 63. 
Olive Family, 63. 
Onagracese, 55. 
Onion, 10. 
Orchidaceae, 17. 
Orchis, 18. 
Orchis Family, 17. 
Ornithogalum, 11. 
Orpine Family, 38. 
Osmorhiza, 57. 
Oxalidaceae, 49. 
Oxalis, 49. 
Ox-eye Daisy, 85. 

Paeonia, 31. 
Painted-cup, 76. 
Pansy, 54. 
Papaver, 34. 
Papaveraceee, 33. 
Papaw. 27. 
Papilionaceae, 45. 
Parsley Family, 56. 
Parthenocissus, 51. 
Partridge Berry, 79. 
Pea, 47. 
Peach, 44. 



Pear, 43. 
Pedicularis, 76. 
Pelargonium, 48. 
Penthorum, 38. 
Pentstemon, 75. 
Peony, 31. 
Pepper-and-Salt, 58. 
Peppergrass, 37. 
Peppermint, 71 
Periwinkle, 64. 
Petunia, 73. 
Phacelia, 67. 
Phaseolus, 48. 
Philadelphus, 39. 
Phlox, 65. 
Pine Sap, 59. 
Pink, 26. 
Pink Family, 26. 
Pisum, 47. 
Plantaginaceae, 77. 
Plantago, 77. 
Plantain, 77. 
Plantain Family, 77. 
Plum, 44. 
Plum Family, 44. 
Podophyllum, 32. 
Polanisia, 37. 
Polemoniaceae, 65. 
Polemonium, 66. 
Polemonium Family, 65. 
Polygonaceaa, 24. 
Polygonatum. 13. 
Polygonum, 25. 
Pomaceae, 43. 
Poplar, 20. 
Poppy, 34. 
Poppy Family, 33. 
Populus, 20. 
Portulaca, 25. 
Portulacaceae, 25. 
Potato, 73. 
Potentilla, 42. 
Prickly Poppy, 34. 
Primrose, 62. 
Primrose Family. 61. 
Primula, 62. 
Primulaceas, 61. 
Prunella, 71. 
Prunus, 44. 
Puccoon, 68. 
Pulse Family, 45. 
Pumpkin, 82. 
Purple Cone-flower, 86. 



92 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



Purslane, 25. 
Purslane Family, 25. 
Pyrola, 59. 
Pyrolaceae, 58. 
Pyrola Family, 58. 
Pyrus, 43. 

Quamasia, 11. 
Quercus, 22. 
Quince, 43. 

Radish, 37. 
Ranunculaceae, 28. 
Ranunculus, 30. 
Raphanus, 37. 
Red bud, 44. 
Ribes, 40. 
Richardia, 7. 
Robinia, 47. 
Roripa, 36. 
Rosacea?, 40. 
Rose, 42. 
Rose Family, 40. 
Rubiacese, 78. 
Rubus, 41. 
Rudbeckia, 86. 
Rnmex, 24. 

Sagittaria, 6. 
Salicacese, 20. 
Salix, 20. 
Sambucus, 80. 
Samolus, 63. 
Sanicula, 57. 
Sanguinaria, 33. 
Saponaria, 26. 
Sarsaparilla, 56. 
Sassafras, 32. 
Saururaceae, 19. 
Saururus, 19. 
Saxifraga, 39. 
Saxif ragacese, 38. 
Saxifrage, 39. 
Saxifrage Family, 38. 
Scrophularia, 75. 
Scrophulariacese, 74. 
Sedum, 38. 
Self-heal, 71. 
Senecio. 86. 
Senna Family, 44. 
Sheep Sorrel, 24. 
Shepherd's Purse, 36. 
Shooting Star, 62. 



Silene, 26. 
Sisyrinchium, 16. 
Skunk Cabbage, 7. 
Smartweed, 25. 
SmilaceEe, 14. 
Smilacina, 12. 
Smilax, 14. 
Smilax Family, 14. 
Snowberry, 81. 
Snowdrop, 15. 
Snow flake, 15. 
Solanaceae, 72. 
Solatium, 72. 
Solomon's Seal, 13. 
Sorrel Family, 49. 
Sparganiaceae, 6. 
Sparganium, 6. 
Spathyema, 7. 
Spearmint, 70. 
Specularia, 83. 
Speedwell, 76. 
Spice-bush, 33. 
Spiderwort, 8. 
Spiderwort Family, 8. 
Spring-beauty, 25. 
Squash. 82. 

Star-of-Bethlehem, 11. 
Stellaria, 27. 
Stonecrop, 38. 
Stylophorum, 34. 
Squirrel Corn, 34. 
Sweet Cicely, 57. 
Sweet Clover, 46. 
Sweet Flag, 8. 
Sweet William, 26, 65. 
Symphoricarpos, 81. 
Symplocarpus, 7. 
Synandra, 71. 
Syndesmon, 30. 
Syringa, 39, 63. 

Taraxacum, 84. 
Tecoma, 77. 
Tephrosia. 46. 
Thalictrum, 30. 
Thorn-apple, 74. 
Thymela?aceae, 54. 
Tilia, 52. 
Tiliaceae, 52. 
Toad-flax, 75. 
Tomato, 73. 
Toothwort, 35. 
Touch-me-not. 50. 



INDEX 



93 



Tradescautia, 8. 
Trailing Arbutus, 60. 
Trifolium, 46. 
Trillium, 13. 
Triosteum, 80. 
Tropaeolum, 51. 
Trumpet-flower, 77. 
Trumpet-creeper, 77. 
Tulip, 10. 
Tulipa, 10. 
Turkey Pea, 58. 
Twayblade, 17. 
Twin-leaf, 32. 
Typha, 5. 
Typhacese, 5. 

Ulmaceae, 23. 
Ulmus, 23. 
Umbelliferae, 56. 
Unifolium, 13. 
Uvularia, 8. 

Vacciniaceee, 60. 
Vaccinium, 61. 
Vagnera, 12. 
Yerbascum, 74. 
Yerbena, 69. 
Verbenacese, 68. 
Yenus Looking-glass, 83. 
Veronica, 76. 
Vervain, 69. 
Yervain Family, 68. 
Yetchling, 47. 
Yiburnum, 80. 



Vinca, 64. 
Vine Family, 51. 
Viola, 53. 
Violacese, 53. 
Violet, 53. 
Virgin Bower, 28. 
Vitaceae, 51. 
Vitis, 51. 

Wake-robin, 13. 
Walnut, 19. 
Walnut Family, 19. 
Washingtonia, 57. 
Water Cress, 36. 
Waterleaf, 67. 
Waterleaf Family, 66. 
Watermelon, 82. 
Water Pimpernel, 63. 
Water-plantain, 6. 
Water-plantain Family, 6. 
Weigela, 81. 

Whortleberry Family, 60. 
Wild Allspice, 33. 
Wild Cucumber, 82. 
Wild Ginger, 24. 
Willow, 20. 
Willow Family, 20. 
Willow-herb, 55. 
Wintergreen, 59. 
Wistaria, 47. 
Woodbine, 81. 
Wood-sorrel, 49. 

Zizia, 57. 



THE E IS" D 



OCT 4 1900 



